Effects of vitamin D supplementation on glucose and lipid metabolism in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and risk factors for insulin resistance

Table 1 Clinical data

Factors		Resistance group (n = 100)	Non-resistance group (n = 62)	P value
Age				0.041a
	> 60 yr old	60	27
	≤ 60 yr old	40	35
Sex				0.240
	Male	61	32
	Female	39	30
BMI				< 0.0001d
	> 25 kg/m2	44	10
	≤ 25 kg/m2	56	52
Course of disease				0.458
	> 5 yr	38	20
	≤ 5 yr	62	42
Smoking history				0.240
	Yes	61	32
	No	39	30
Alcoholism history				0.988
	Yes	8	5
	No	92	57
25(OH)D3		35.92 ± 7.12	44.78 ± 4.52	< 0.001c

^aP < 0.05.

^cP < 0.001.

^dP < 0.0001.

BMI: Body mass index; 25(OH)D₃: 25-hydroxyvitamin D₃.

Table 2 Assignment

Factors	Assignment
Age	> 60 = 1, ≤ 60 = 0
BMI	> 25 kg/m2 = 1, ≤ 25 kg/m2 = 0
25(OH)D3	Data belonging to continuous variables were analyzed with their raw data
2hPG	Data belonging to continuous variables were analyzed with their raw data
FBG	Data belonging to continuous variables were analyzed with their raw data
HbA1c	Data belonging to continuous variables were analyzed with their raw data
TG	Data belonging to continuous variables were analyzed with their raw data
HDL-C	Data belonging to continuous variables were analyzed with their raw data
Insulin resistance	Yes = 1, No = 0

BMI: Body mass index; 25(OH)D₃: 25-hydroxyvitamin D₃; 2hPG: 2-h postprandial blood glucose); FBG: Fasting blood glucose; HbA1c: Glycosylated hemoglobin; TG: Triglyceride; HDL-C: High-density lipoprotein-cholesterol.

Table 3 Analysis of risk factors

Factors	β	Standard error	χ2	P value	OR value	95%CI
						Lower limit	Upper limit
Age	0.257	0.770	0.111	0.739	1.293	0.286	5.851
BMI	2.822	0.961	8.626	0.003b	16.802	2.557	110.430
TG	1.148	0.853	1.808	0.179	3.151	0.591	16.783
HDL-C	-2.68	1.053	6.476	0.011a	0.069	0.009	0.540
25(OH)D3	3.262	0.922	12.517	< 0.001c	26.109	4.285	159.098
2hPG	3.460	0.889	15.137	< 0.001c	31.804	5.567	181.709
FBG	0.751	0.756	0.985	0.321	2.119	0.481	9.329
HbA1c	4.504	0.965	21.762	< 0.001c	90.379	13.622	599.650

^aP < 0.05.

^bP < 0.01.

^cP < 0.001.

BMI: Body mass index; 25(OH)D₃: 25-hydroxyvitamin D₃; 2hPG: 2-h postprandial blood glucose; FBG: Fasting blood glucose; HbA1c: Glycosylated hemoglobin; TG: Triglyceride; HDL-C: High-density lipoprotein-cholesterol.