Copyright
©The Author(s) 2023.
World J Diabetes. Oct 15, 2023; 14(10): 1502-1513
Published online Oct 15, 2023. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v14.i10.1502
Published online Oct 15, 2023. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v14.i10.1502
Table 1 Definition and examples of prebiotics, probiotics, synbiotics, and postbiotics
| Category | Definition | Examples |
| Prebiotic | Non-digestible substances utilized by microbiota and confer a benefit to the host | Inulin |
| Lactulose | ||
| Fructooligosaccharides | ||
| Galactooligosaccharides | ||
| Probiotic | Live microorganisms that provide a benefit to the host | Bifidobacterium |
| Lactobacillus | ||
| Synbiotic | Prebiotics and probiotics taken together | |
| Postbiotic | Inanimate strains with or without their byproducts that provide a benefit to the host | Heat killed Akkermansia Mucinophila |
| Heat inactivated Lactobacillus paracasei | ||
| Heat-inactivated Bifidobacterium bifidum | ||
| Byproduct of the above inanimate strains: Butyrate and Proprionate |
Table 2 The influence of prebiotics, probiotics, and postbiotics on metabolic syndrome
| Category | Influence | ||
| Prebiotic | Inulin | Decrease Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio[22] | Improvement in Obesity |
| Fructooligosaccharides | Increase Bifidobacterium[26] | Promotes gut health | |
| Decrease expression of inflammatory cytokines | |||
| Improved Insulin sensitivity | |||
| Galactooligosaccharides | Increase Akkermansia mucinophila. Increase in Prevotella[27] | Intestinal barrier protection | |
| Improved Insulin sensitivity | |||
| Decrease inflammation | |||
| Probiotic | Bifidobacterium | Increasing Akkermansia mucinophila[56] | Intestinal barrier protection |
| Improved Insulin sensitivity | |||
| Decrease inflammation | |||
| Lactobacillus | Decreasing Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio[57] | Improvement in Obesity | |
| Postbiotic | Heat-killed Akkermansia mucinophila | Improves metabolic state in Obesity | |
| Heat-inactivated Lactobacillus paracasei | Reduces the risk of pharyngitis, laryngitis, and diarrhea | ||
| Heat-inactivated Bifidobacterium bifidum | Reduces symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome | ||
| Butyrate (SCFA produced by the inactive microbe) | Increasing Lachnospiraceae[46] | Protection against diabetes and cardio-vascular diseases | |
| Increasing Proteobacteria[46] | Increased gut mucus production | ||
| Decreasing Clostridiaceae[46] | Increased gut barrier integrity | ||
- Citation: Antony MA, Chowdhury A, Edem D, Raj R, Nain P, Joglekar M, Verma V, Kant R. Gut microbiome supplementation as therapy for metabolic syndrome. World J Diabetes 2023; 14(10): 1502-1513
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-9358/full/v14/i10/1502.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v14.i10.1502