Weight loss induced by whole grain-rich diet is through a gut microbiota-independent mechanism

Table 1 Possible mechanisms of whole grain diet affect body weight regulation

Mediator	Mechanism
Dietary fibers in WGs	Lower energy density results in less energy intake
	Attenuation of intestinal nutrition absorption
	Stimulation of oro-sensory and gastric mechanoreceptors result in increased satiation
	Delay of gastric emptying and gastrointestinal transition result in increased satiety
Polyphenols in WGs	Interferes with adipocyte signaling pathways results in more energy expenditures
Minerals in WGs	Magnesium and zinc are co-factors in lean body mass growth and body fat mass decrease
Brown adipose tissue	Non-shivering thermogenesis
Adiponectin	Promotes glucose utilization, lipid oxidation, and energy expenditure

WGs: Whole grains.