Insulin resistance is associated with subclinical vascular disease in humans

Table 1 Studies that find an independent association between insulin resistance and subclinical arterial stiffness unexplained by classic cardiovascular risk factors

Ref.	Population group	Insulin resistance	Arterial stiffness
Salomaa et al[6]	African American and Caucasian	IGT	Arterial compliance, Young’s elastic modulus
Henry et al[22]	General population	IGT	Arterial compliance
Shin et al[30]	Healthy Chinese subjects	IGT	Brachial-ankle PWV
Liye et al[17]	IGT versus normal glucose tolerance	IGT, serum adiponectin levels	Brachial artery PWV
Giltay et al[21]	Healthy subjects	Hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp	Carotid-femoral PWV
Vyssoulis et al[32]	Patients with hypertension	IGT	Carotid-femoral PWV
Sengstock et al[31]	Patients with hypertension	Frequently sampled IV tolerance test	Aortic PWV, pulse pressure
Kasayama et al[33]	Healthy adults	HOMA	Brachial-ankle PWV
Park et al[34]	Postmenopausal women	HOMA-IR	Aortic and peripheral PWV
Maple-Brown et al[4]	Indigenous Australians	HOMA-IR	Augmentation index
Scuteri et al[35]	Family history of diabetes	HOMA-IR	Carotid-femoral PWV
Sakuragi et al[36]	Prepubescent children	HOMA-IR	Carotid-femoral PWV
Whincup et al[11]	British children	HOMA-IR	Brachial artery distensibility
Gungor et al[38]	Children and adolescents	HOMA-IR	Aortic PWV
Iannuzzi et al[39]	Children and adolescents	HOMA-IR	Aortic PWV
Tomsa et al[20]	Adolescents	Hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp	Augmentation index

IGT: Impaired glucose tolerance; PWV: Pulse-wave velocity; HOMA: Homeostasis model assessment; HOMA-IR: Homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance.

Table 2 Studies that find an independent association between the clinical expression of insulin resistance and subclinical arterial stiffness unexplained by classic cardiovascular risk factors

Ref.	Population group	Insulin resistance	Arterial stiffness
Mackey et al[28]	Elderly	Metabolic syndrome	Aortic pulse-wave velocity
Salomaa et al[6]	General population	Metabolic syndrome	Arterial compliance, Young’s elastic modulus
		Hyperinsulinemia
Scuteri et al[41]	Healthy subjects	Metabolic syndrome	Carotid artery stiffness
Van-Popele et al[9]	Women	Metabolic syndrome	Carotid artery stiffness
		Obesity
		Dyslipemia
Tomiyama et al[29]	Healthy subjects	Metabolic syndrome	Brachial-ankle pulse-wave velocity
		Systolic hypertension
Maple-Brown et al[4]	Indigenous versus European Australians	Metabolic syndrome	Augmentation index, pulse-wave velocity
Whincup et al[11]	British children	Metabolic syndrome	Brachial artery distensibility
		Obesity
		Hyperinsulinemia
Xi et al[37]	Chinese children	Metabolic syndrome	Brachial artery distensibility
Ianuzzi et al[42]	Obese children	Metabolic syndrome	Carotid artery stiffness
Hopkins et al[43]	Relatives of patients with type 2 diabetes	Metabolic syndrome	Aortic pulse-wave velocity
Juonala et al[44]	Children	Metabolic syndrome	Carotid artery stiffness
		Hyperinsulinemia
Zebekakis et al[45]	General population	Obesity	Carotid, femoral, and brachial arteries stiffness
Maple-Brown et al[46]	Indigenous versus European Australians	Obesity	Augmentation index
Greenfield et al[47]	Female twins	Abdominal obesity	Augmentation index
Sakuragi et al[35]	Children	Obesity	Brachial artery distensibility
		Dyslipemia
		Hyperinsulinemia
Gungor et al[38]	Adolescents and young adults	Obesity	Aortic pulse-wave velocity
Jourdan et al[47]		Dyslipemia
Urbina et al[49]
Kappus et al[50]
Wildman et al[51]	Young and older adults	Obesity	Aortic pulse-wave velocity
Iannuzzi et al[39]		Systolic hypertension	Aortic pulse-wave velocity
Kasayama et al[33]		Dyslipemia
Ceceija et al[12]		Hyperinsulinemia
Urbina et al[52]		Triglyceride/HDL-c	Aortic pulse-wave velocity

Table 3 Studies that find an independent association between insulin resistance and subclinical vascular calcification or increased intima-media thickness of the arterial wall unexplained by traditional cardiovascular risk factors

Ref.	Population group	Insulin resistance	Vascular disease
Laakso et al[56]	Healthy subjects	Euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp	Increased carotid IMT
Agewall et al[57]	Healthy men	Euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp	Increased carotid wall thickness
Howard et al[58]	Healthy Caucasians	Frequently sampled IV glucose tolerance test	Increased carotid IMT
Bertoni et al[59]	Multiethnic healthy subjects	HOMA-IR	Increased carotid IMT, elevated coronary calcium
Rajala et al[60]	Healthy subjects	Insulin sensitivity check index	Increased carotid IMT
Iannuzzi et al[39]	Obese children	HOMA-IR	Increased carotid IMT
Ryder et al[61]	Healthy children	Euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp	Increased carotid IMT
Arad et al[62]	Healthy subjects	HOMA-IR	Elevated coronary calcium score
Ong et al[63]	Healthy subjects	HOMA-IR	Elevated coronary calcium score
Meigs et al[64]	Healthy subjects	Glucose tolerance tests	Coronary artery calcification
Dabelea et al[65]	Healthy and type 1 diabetes children	Glucose disposal rate	Coronary artery calcification
Reilly et al[66]	Family history of cardiovascular disease	HOMA-IR	Coronary artery calcification
Qasim et al[67]	Family history of cardiovascular disease	HOMA-IR	Coronary artery calcification
Young et al[68]	Patients with coronary artery disease	Glucose tolerance test	Coronary artery calcification
Shinozaki et al[69]	Family history of cardiovascular disease	Glucose tolerance test	Coronary artery calcification

HOMA-IR: Homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance; IMT: Intima-media thickness.