Aloesin as a medical food ingredient for systemic oxidative stress of diabetes

Figure 1 Oxidative stress and its possible pathways leading to diabetes complications. “×” potential sites where aloesin may likely interfere. PKC: Protein kinase C; AGE: Advanced glycation end-products; ROS: Reactive oxygen species; NF-κB: Nuclear factor-kappaB; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor alpha; IL-6: Interleukin 6; AP-1: Activating protein-1; VCAM-1: Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1; ICAM-1: Intercellular adhesion molecule-1; TGF-β: Transforming growth factor beta; MCP-1: Monocyte chemotactic protein-1; MAPK, p38: Mitogen-activated protein kinases, p38.

Figure 2 Cross-section of Aloe.