Insulin action in muscle and adipose tissue in type 2 diabetes: The significance of blood flow

Figure 1 Forearm muscle blood flow peak-baseline values in all groups (A), and associations between peak-baseline forearm muscle blood flow and forearm muscle glucose uptake (B), plasma adiponectin (C) and postprandial non-esterified fatty acids (D), in subjects at all stages of type 2 diabetes. A: ^bP overall < 0.001; B: Forearm muscle glucose uptake = 427.9 + 101.4 peak-baseline FMBF, P = 0.001; C: Adiponectin = 12.17 + 3.05 peak-baseline FMBF, P < 0.001; D: Postprandial NEFA (AUC_0-360) = 209.5 - 18.52 peak-baseline FMBF, P = 0.005. FMBF: Forearm muscle blood flow; NEFAs: Non-esterified fatty acids. IGT: Impaired glucose tolerance; DM: Diabetes mellitus. Adapted from Lambadiari et al[46].

Figure 2 Plasma glucose, and adipose tissue blood flow in healthy subjects (control), first degree relatives of subjects with type 2 diabetes (relatives), subjects with impaired glucose tolerance, subjects with type 2 diabetes with postprandial hyperglycemia and normal fasting plasma glucose levels (diabetes mellitus group A) and subjects with type 2 diabetes with both postprandial and fasting hyperglycemia (diabetes mellitus group B). “P” stands for overall comparison (repeated measures ANOVA) between control and patient groups. IGT: Impaired glucose tolerance. Adapted from Dimitriadis et al[62].