Utility of different glycemic control metrics for optimizing management of diabetes

Figure 1 Relationship between hemoglobin A1c and mean glucose obtained from (A) continuous glucose monitoring and (B) self-monitoring of blood glucose in a cohort of 114 non-insulin treated type 2 diabetic patients. Medians (25^th-75^th percentile) for age, diabetes duration, and HbA1c were 59.0-68.0 yr, 2.0-10.0 yr, and 6.0%-7.3% (42-56 mmol/mol), respectively. The lines denote the regression lines (black), 95%CI (blue), and prediction intervals (red) (Kohnert et al, Unpublished data). CGM: Continuous glucose monitoring; HbA1c: Hemoglobin A1c.

Figure 2 Differentiation between treatment groups of type 2 diabetic patients using the average daily risk range scores. Sample size for each group is given in parenthesis. Between-treatment group differences were evaluated by one-way analysis of variance and are statistically significant (P < 0.001). MET: Metformin; SU: Sulfonylurea; OAD: Oral antidiabetic drugs; INS: Insulin (Kohnert et al, Unpublished data).

Figure 3 Continuous glucose monitoring traces from seven patients with an HbA1c value of 6. 5% selected from the type 2 diabetes cohort treated with oral antidiabetes drugs. Average 24-h glucose profiles are shown. Shading indicates the glucose target range 3.9-10.0 mmol/L (modified from Kohnert et al, Bull Karaganda University 2013; 72: 6-15).

Figure 4 Glycemic Markers and Risk of Diabetic Complications. The solid lines show established relationships of the glycemic markers with microvascular and macrovascular diabetes complications; dotted lines represent possible relations with glycemic variability. FPG: Fasting plasma glucose; PPG: Postprandial plasma glucose; HbA1c: Hemoglobin A1c; GA: Glycated albumin; 1,5 AG: 1,5 Anhydroglucitol; SD: Standard deviation of plasma glucose values; MAGE: Mean amplitude of glycemic excursions; CV: Coefficient of variation; ADRR: Average daily risk range; GRADE: Glycemic risk assessment diabetes equation.