Vitamin D deficiency is associated with apolipoprotein A1 levels in patients with young-onset type 2 diabetes mellitus

Figure 1 Flow chart of study. T2DM: Type 2 diabetes mellitus; VitD: Vitamin D.

Figure 2 The distribution of vitamin D status in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients and non-diabetic control subjects. A: The average levels of vitamin D levels between patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and non-diabetic controls; B: The distribution of vitamin D status in T2DM patients: Majority of T2DM patients (55.8%) were classified as vitamin D deficient, with 15.4% having severe vitamin D deficiency; C: The distribution of vitamin D status in non-diabetic control subjects: majority of T2DM patients (50%) were classified as vitamin D deficient, with 10% having severe vitamin D deficiency. ^dP < 0.001. T2DM: Type 2 diabetes mellitus; DM: Diabetes mellitus.

Figure 3 Correlations between vitamin D and various indicators. A and B: Correlations between vitamin D (VitD) and lipid-related indicators: A significant positive correlation between VitD levels and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (r = 0.31), apolipoprotein A1 (apoA1) (r = 0.41), and a significant negative correlation with apolipoprotein B/apoA1 (r = -0.19), free fatty acids (r = -0.091); C and D: Correlations between VitD and other indicators: A significant positive correlation between VitD levels and blood calcium (r = 0.12), blood phosphorus (r = 0.07), and a significant negative correlation with uric acid (r = -0.11), glucose (r = -0.16), parathyroid hormone (r = -0.17). ^aP < 0.05. ^bP < 0.01. ^cP < 0.001. VitD: Vitamin D; UA: Uric acid; Glu: Glucose; ALB: Albumin; eGFR: Estimated glomerular filtration rate; ALP: Alkaline phosphatase; Hb: Haemoglobin; Ca: Blood calcium; P: Blood phosphorus; IPTH: Parathyroid hormone; HDL-C: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG: Triglycerides; LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.