Glycated hemoglobin is not enough: The role of glycemia risk index for glycemic control assessment in type 1 diabetes

Figure 1 Relationship between the glycemia risk index and other continuous glucose monitoring metrics, glycated hemoglobin. Correlations between pairs of metrics, where 1 indicates a strong correlation and -1 indicates a strong inverse correlation. GRI: Glycemia risk index; TIR: Time in range; TBR: Time below range; Low: Low-glucose hypoglycemia (glucose level: 3.0 mmol/L to < 3.9 mmol/L); VLow: Very-low-glucose hypoglycemia (glucose level: < 3.0 mmol/L); TAR: Time above range; High: High-glucose hyperglycemia (glucose level: 10.0 mmol/L to 13.9 mmol/L); VHigh: Very-high-glucose hyperglycemia (glucose level: > 13.9 mmol/L); CV: Coefficient of variation; MG: Mean glucose; HbA1c: Glycated hemoglobin; GMI: Glucose management indicator; GRI-lo: Hypoglycemia component of glycemia risk index; GRI-hi: The hyperglycemia component of glycemia risk index.

Figure 2 Illustration and characterization of glycaemic clusters identified by unsupervised hierarchical clustering on continuous glucose monitoring metrics. A: Cluster analysis using glycemia risk index and the 7 parameters of ambulatory glucose profile; B-D: Violin plots were used to compare the glycemia risk index (B), time in range (C), glucose management indicator (D) levels across the groups. ^aP < 0.05; ^cP < 0.001. GRI: Glycemia risk index; TTR: Time in range; GMI: Glucose management indicator.

Figure 3 Distribution of patients across the four groups on the glycemia risk index grid two-dimensional plot. Group 1 was the moderate-risk group. Group 2 was the high-risk group for hypoglycemia. Group 3 was the optimal glycemic control group. Group 4 was the high-risk group for hyperglycemia. GRI-lo: Hypoglycemia component of glycemia risk index; GRI-hi: The hyperglycemia component of glycemia risk index.