Investigating the impact of intestinal glucagon-like peptide-1 on hypoglycemia in type 1 diabetes

Figure 1 Illustrates the mechanism of action of glucagon-like peptide-1. When food is consumed, it stimulates L-cells in the intestine to release glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1). In response, GLP-1 activates the pancreas to release insulin in a glucose-dependent manner while simultaneously inhibiting glucagon secretion, which helps to reduce blood glucose levels. Additionally, GLP-1 influences the anterior pituitary gland to secrete adrenocorticotropic hormone, which then stimulates the adrenal gland to produce hormones such as cortisol, epinephrine, and norepinephrine. During hypoglycemic conditions, the release of GLP-1 is inhibited, leading to decreased insulin production and reduced secretion of adrenal hormones, thereby contributing to the stabilization of blood glucose levels (Created in BioRender, Supplementary material). GLP-1: Glucagon-like peptide-1.