Advances in gestational diabetes mellitus screening: Emerging trends and future directions

Figure 1 Pathogenesis of gestational diabetes mellitus. TNF: Tumor necrosis factor; IGF-1: Insulin-like growth factor 1; HPL: Human placental lactogen; hPFG: Human placental growth hormone; IGF1: Insulin-like growth factor 1; IGFBP3: Insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3.

Figure 2 Biomarkers in gestational diabetes mellitus. CRP: C-reactive protein; MHR: Monocyte-to-high-density lipoprotein ratio; SII: Systematic immune inflammation index; SIRI: Systemic inflammation response index; PAPPA-2: Pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A2; PP13: Placental protein 13; FABP4: Fatty acid-binding protein 4; SNP: Single nucleotide polymorphisms; miRNA: MicroRNAs; BCAAs: Branched-chain amino acids; sFlt-1: Soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1; SHBG: Sex hormone-binding globulin.

Figure 3 Comparative area under the curve values of machine learning models in gestational diabetes mellitus prediction[108,109]. Created by the area under the curve values, prepared in Excel format.