Polygenic risk score for predicting diabetic retinopathy in patients with type 2 diabetes: A twenty-year follow-up study

Figure 1 Manhattan plot of the genome-wide association study of diabetic retinopathy in the discovery dataset. The bottom blue line indicates the genome-wide suggestive significance threshold of P < 1 × 10^-5. KLF15: Kruppel-like factor 15; SLIT3: Slit guidance ligand 3; PRKG1: CGMP-dependent protein kinase 1; RPAP3: RNA polymerase II-associated protein 3; TAF1C: TATA-box binding protein associated factor, RNA polymerase I subunit C.

Figure 2 Kaplan-Meier curves depicting the probability over time in the bottom 25% (blue) and top 10% (green) groups of polygenic risk score. A: Patients with type 2 diabetes remaining diabetic retinopathy (DR)-free; B: Patients with DR not requiring more than four laser treatments; C: Patients with DR not requiring vitreoretinal surgery. Hazard ratios for patients in the top 10% of polygenic risk score were estimated using a Cox regression model adjusted for diagnosis age and glycated hemoglobin A1c. T2D: Type 2 diabetes; DR: Diabetic retinopathy; PRS: Polygenic risk score; HR: Hazard ratio; CI: Confidence interval; HbA1c: Glycated hemoglobin A1c.