Betaine combined with traditional Chinese medicine ointment to treat skin wounds in microbially infected diabetic mice

Figure 1 Safety evaluation of betaine ointment. A: Toxicity to normal cells; B: Picture of mice after application of the ointment. BO: Betaine ointment; PBS: Phosphate buffer solution.

Figure 2 Wound healing of mice in the in vivo antibacterial experiment.

Figure 3 Detection results of wound-infected mouse skin tissue. A: Newman strain colonization; B: USA300 strain colonization; C: HE staining; D: TUNEL staining. ^fP < 0.05; ^gP < 0.01. BO: Betaine ointment.

Figure 4 Fluorescence staining of inflammatory factors and apoptotic factors in the skin wound tissue of mice in the in vivo antibacterial experiment. A: Fluorescence microscopy view; B-F: Fluorescence quantification. ^gP < 0.01. BO: Betaine ointment.

Figure 5 Wound healing of mice in the in vivo antibacterial experiment. PBS: Phosphate buffer solution; BO: Betaine ointment.

Figure 6 Colonization of bacterial strains, inflammation, and apoptosis in the skin tissues of diabetic mice with traumatic infection. A: Colonization of the USA300 strain; B: HE staining; C: TUNEL staining. ^eP < 0.01; ^fP < 0.05. PBS: Phosphate buffer solution; BO: Betaine ointment.

Figure 7 Fluorescence staining of inflammatory factors and apoptotic factors in skin wound tissues from diabetic mice. A: Fluorescence microscopy view; B-F: Fluorescence quantification. ^dP < 0.05; ^fP < 0.05; ^gP < 0.01. PBS: Phosphate buffer solution; BO: Betaine ointment.