Association between glucose-lowering drugs and circulating insulin antibodies induced by insulin therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes

Figure 1 Flow diagram of patient screening. T2DM: Type 2 diabetes; IA: Insulin antibody; GADAb: Glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody.

Figure 2 Insulin antibody levels in patients using different insulin regimens. A: Percentage of patients using different insulin regimens, and the proportion of positive insulin antibodies (IAs) in patients using different insulin regimens; B: IA levels in patients using different insulin regimens. SEM: Standard error of the mean.

Figure 3 Insulin antibody levels in patients using different oral hypoglycemic agents and glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists. A: Proportion of patients using different oral hypoglycemic agents and the rate of positive insulin antibodies (IAs) in patients using different drugs; B: IA levels in patients using different oral hypoglycemic agents and glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists. ^aP < 0.01 vs patients not using the drug. SGLT2i: Sodium-dependent glucose transporters 2 inhibitors; TZDs: Thiazolidinediones; DPP-4i: Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors; GLP-1RAs: Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists.