Diabetes and tuberculosis: An emerging dual threat to healthcare

Figure 1 Various immune system abnormalities predispose to tuberculosis infection and its severe course in patients with diabetes mellitus. ATB: Active tuberculosis; LTB: Latent tuberculosis; MDR-TB: Multi-drug resistant tuberculosis.

Figure 2 Interactions between macrophages and adipocytes with the release of various cytokines and chemokines perpetuate tuberculosis and diabetes mellitus in disease-prone individuals. Mtb: Mycobacterium tuberculosis; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor; IL: Interleukin.