Metabolic disorders in prediabetes: From mechanisms to therapeutic management

Figure 1 Adenosine 5‘-monophosphate-activated protein kinase as an important regulatory center of cellular metabolism. AMP: Adenosine 5‘-monophosphate; GLUT4: Glucose transporter type 4; GS: Glycogen synthase; BECN1: Beclin 1; AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase.

Figure 2 Glucagon-like peptide receptor agonist promotes insulin secretion. G6P: Glucose-6-phosphate; GLP-1: Glucagon-like peptide-1; GLU: Glucose; SGLT2: Sodium–glucose cotransporter 2.

Figure 3 Sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors block the glucose reabsorption process. G6P: Glucose-6-phosphate; GLP-1: Glucagon-like peptide-1; GLU: Glucose; SGLT2: Sodium–glucose cotransporter 2.

Figure 4 Vitamin D contributes to the maintenance of normal bodily functions.