Effect of liraglutide on endoplasmic reticulum stress in the renal tissue of type 2 diabetic rats

Figure 1 Western blot analysis of GRP78 and caspase-12 expression in the rat kidney. A: GRP78; B: Caspase-12. ^aP < 0.05 vs the normal control group (N); ^cP < 0.05 vs the model group (D); ^eP < 0.05 vs the low-dose liraglutide group (L). There were 24 rats in total, with 6 rats in each group. N: Normal control group; D: Model group; L: Low-dose liraglutide group; H: High-dose liraglutide group.

Figure 2 Analysis of rat GRP78 and caspase-12 gene expression by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. There were 24 rats in total, with 6 rats in each group. ^aP < 0.05 vs the normal control group (N); ^cP < 0.05 vs the model group (D); ^eP < 0.05 vs the low-dose liraglutide group (L). N: Normal control group; D: Model group; L: Low-dose liraglutide group; H: High-dose liraglutide group.

Figure 3 Hematoxylin and eosin staining images showing pathological changes of the rat kidney (40 ×). A: Normal control group; B: Model group; C: Low-dose liraglutide group; D: High-dose liraglutide group. There were 24 rats in total, with 6 rats in each group. Yellow arrows indicate the degree of glomerular volume change and number of inflammatory cells.

Figure 4 Periodic acid-Schiff staining images of the rat kidney tissue (40 ×). A: Normal control group; B: Model group; C: Low-dose liraglutide group; D: High-dose liraglutide group. There were 24 rats in total, with 6 rats in each group. Yellow arrows indicate the degree of glomerular volume change, the number of inflammatory cells, and the state of glomerular basement membrane and mesangial proliferation.