©The Author(s) 2016. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.
World J Diabetes. Oct 15, 2016; 7(18): 433-440
Published online Oct 15, 2016. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v7.i18.433
Published online Oct 15, 2016. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v7.i18.433
Nitrate-nitrite-nitrosamines exposure and the risk of type 1 diabetes: A review of current data
Zahra Bahadoran, Parvin Mirmiran, Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 19395-4763, Iran
Asghar Ghasemi, Endocrine Physiology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 19395-4763, Iran
Fereidoun Azizi, Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 19395-4763, Iran
Farzad Hadaegh, Prevention of Metabolic Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 19395-4763, Iran
Author contributions: Bahadoran Z, Ghasemi A and Hadaegh F prepared the manuscript; Bahadoran Z, Mirmiran P and Hadaegh F designed and implemented the study; Mirmiran P, Azizi F and Hadaegh F revised and supervised overall project; all authors read and approved the final version of manuscript.
Conflict-of-interest statement: The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding this manuscript.
Correspondence to: Parvin Mirmiran, PhD, Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, No. 24, Sahid-Erabi St, Yemen St, Chamran Exp, Tehran 19395-4763, Iran. mirmiran@endocrine.ac.ir
Telephone: +98-21-22432500 Fax: +98-21-22416264
Received: April 7, 2016
Peer-review started: April 8, 2016
First decision: June 12, 2016
Revised: June 30, 2016
Accepted: August 15, 2016
Article in press: August 16, 2016
Published online: October 15, 2016
Processing time: 187 Days and 22.3 Hours
Peer-review started: April 8, 2016
First decision: June 12, 2016
Revised: June 30, 2016
Accepted: August 15, 2016
Article in press: August 16, 2016
Published online: October 15, 2016
Processing time: 187 Days and 22.3 Hours
Core Tip
Core tip: The potential toxic effects of nitrate-nitrite-nitrosamine on pancreatic β cell have remained a controversial issue over the past two decades. Ecologic surveys, case-control and cohort studies have indicated conflicting results in relation to nitrate-nitrite exposure from drinking water and the risk of type 1 diabetes. An increased risk of type 1 diabetes was observed in regions with a maximum nitrate levels > 40-80 mg/L. Dietary nitrite could be a risk for development of type 1 diabetes in a higher range of acceptable limit. Additional research is critical to clarify potential harmful effects of nitrate-nitrite-nitrosamine exposure on β-cell autoimmunity and the risk of type 1 diabetes mellitus.