Lonardo A, Jamalinia M, Weiskirchen R. Type 2 diabetes, sex and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease. World J Diabetes 2026; 17(5): 119756 [DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v17.i5.119756]
Corresponding Author of This Article
Amedeo Lonardo, MD, Doctor, Department of Internal Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Modena (2023), Via Giardini 1355, Modena 41126, Provincia di Modena, Italy. a.lonardo@libero.it
Research Domain of This Article
Gastroenterology & Hepatology
Article-Type of This Article
Review
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This article is an open-access article which was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
May 15, 2026 (publication date) through May 14, 2026
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Journal Information of This Article
Publication Name
World Journal of Diabetes
ISSN
1948-9358
Publisher of This Article
Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA
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Lonardo A, Jamalinia M, Weiskirchen R. Type 2 diabetes, sex and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease. World J Diabetes 2026; 17(5): 119756 [DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v17.i5.119756]
Amedeo Lonardo, Department of Internal Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Modena (2023), Modena 41126, Provincia di Modena, Italy
Mohamad Jamalinia, Gastroenterohepatology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Shiraz Iran, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71345, Fars Province, Iran
Ralf Weiskirchen, Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry (IFMPEGKC), RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen 52074, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
Author contributions: Lonardo A, Jamalinia M, and Weiskirchen R each made substantial and equal contributions to the study’s design, data acquisition and analysis, as well as the preparation and writing of this manuscript.
Conflict-of-interest statement: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Corresponding author: Amedeo Lonardo, MD, Doctor, Department of Internal Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Modena (2023), Via Giardini 1355, Modena 41126, Provincia di Modena, Italy. a.lonardo@libero.it
Received: February 5, 2026 Revised: February 28, 2026 Accepted: March 30, 2026 Published online: May 15, 2026 Processing time: 96 Days and 0.1 Hours
Core Tip
Core Tip: Animal models indicate that males are more susceptible to obesity and metabolic disorders. Men, especially those in middle age, exhibit higher rates of type 2 diabetes. Sex also influences risk factors for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), chronic kidney disease, and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). Among individuals with diabetes, women’s risk for ASCVD and MASLD increases over time as the protective effects of sex hormones diminish. While estradiol has demonstrated protective properties, further investigation into the roles of sex chromosomes and epigenetic factors is warranted. Recognizing these distinctions is essential for advancing precision medicine and optimizing diabetes management.
