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Copyright ©The Author(s) 2020. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.
World J Diabetes. Jan 15, 2020; 11(1): 13-25
Published online Jan 15, 2020. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v11.i1.13
Current understandings of the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes: Genetics to environment
Adebola Matthew Giwa, Rizwan Ahmed, Zahra Omidian, Neha Majety, Kagan Ege Karakus, Sarah M Omer, Thomas Donner, Abdel Rahim A Hamad
Adebola Matthew Giwa, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins Medical Center, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States
Rizwan Ahmed, Zahra Omidian, Neha Majety, Sarah M Omer, Abdel Rahim A Hamad, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Center, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
Kagan Ege Karakus, School of Medicine, Koc University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
Thomas Donner, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
Author contributions: Giwa AM drafted, performed the literature review and analysis, critical revision, editing, writing and final approval of the final version; Ahmed R, Omidian Z, Majety N, Karakus KE, and Omer SM contributed with the literature review, analysis, and writing; Hamad ARA and Donner T contributed with critical revision, editing, and approval of the final version.
Supported by NIH grant AI R01966987 (Hamad ARA).
Conflict-of-interest statement: All the authors have nothing to disclose.
Open-Access: This article is an open-access article which was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Corresponding author: Abdel Rahim A Hamad, PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Center, Ross 66G, 720 Rutland Ave, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States. ahamad@jhmi.edu
Received: September 17, 2019
Peer-review started: September 18, 2019
First decision: October 13, 2019
Revised: November 1, 2019
Accepted: November 25, 2019
Article in press: November 25, 2019
Published online: January 15, 2020
Processing time: 90 Days and 8.4 Hours
Core Tip

Core tip: Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is one of the most common childhood chronic conditions with its incidence increasing annually. Its arduous management requires vigilance to avoid complications that impact quality of life and health care costs. A better understanding of how T1D develops can help find a way to prevent it from developing at all. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of the complex relationship between the roles of genetics and the environment in the development of T1D.