• bacteriophages
• biofilms
• essential oils
• foodborne pathogens
• green antimicrobials

• Biofilms/drug effects
• Humans
• Anti-Infective Agents/pharmacology
• Food Safety
• Foodborne Diseases/microbiology
• Foodborne Diseases/prevention & control
• Foodborne Diseases/drug therapy
• One Health
• Food Microbiology
• Animals
• Bacteria/drug effects
• Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology

• Candida virulence
• Oral mycobiome
• dysbiosis
• immunopathology
• therapeutic strategies

• Humans
• Candidiasis, Oral/microbiology
• Candidiasis, Oral/immunology
• Candidiasis, Oral/pathology
• Candida/pathogenicity
• Candida/physiology
• Mouth Mucosa/microbiology
• Mouth Mucosa/pathology
• Mouth Mucosa/immunology
• Antifungal Agents/therapeutic use
• Antifungal Agents/pharmacology
• Virulence Factors
• Drug Resistance, Fungal
• Biofilms/growth & development
• Animals

• antibiotic resistance
• antimicrobial design
• bacteriophages
• biofilms
• exopolysaccharide

• Biofilms/growth & development
• Bacteriophages/physiology
• Bacteriophages/genetics
• Phage Therapy/methods
• Humans
• Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology
• Bacteria/virology
• Bacteria/genetics

• DOE
• biofilm
• burn infection
• gentamicin
• microemulsion
• optimization
• topical burn treatment

• Biofilms/drug effects
• Emulsions
• Burns/drug therapy
• Burns/microbiology
• Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects
• Drug Delivery Systems/methods
• Anti-Bacterial Agents/administration & dosage
• Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology
• Particle Size
• Drug Liberation
• Surface-Active Agents/chemistry
• Polysorbates/chemistry
• Tea Tree Oil/administration & dosage
• Tea Tree Oil/chemistry
• Tea Tree Oil/pharmacology
• Chemistry, Pharmaceutical/methods
• Humans

• Antibiotic resistance
• Avian colibacillosis
• Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli
• Modes of action
• Origanum vulgare
• Synergistic effect

• Origanum/chemistry
• Plant Extracts/pharmacology
• Plant Extracts/chemistry
• Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology
• Escherichia coli/drug effects
• Animals
• Microbial Sensitivity Tests
• Drug Synergism
• Biofilms/drug effects
• Poultry Diseases/drug therapy
• Poultry Diseases/microbiology
• Escherichia coli Infections/drug therapy
• Phytochemicals/pharmacology
• Phytochemicals/isolation & purification
• Chickens
• Ampicillin/pharmacology
• Tetracycline/pharmacology

• dysbiosis
• inflammation
• microbiome
• oral cancer
• oral cavity
• pathobionts

• IP8-FDMZ-2023 Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, Osijek, Croatia

• Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans
• biofilm
• disease
• oncogenic potential
• virulence factors

• Biofilm
• Gene expression
• Invasion
• Melittin

Diabetes mellitus, a chronic disease of metabolism, is characterized by a disordered production or cellular utilization of insulin. Diabetic foot disease, which comprises the spectrum of infection, ulceration, and gangrene, is one of the most severe complications of diabetes and is the most common cause of hospitalization in diabetic patients. The aim of this study is to provide an evidence-based overview of diabetic foot complications. Due to neuropathy, diabetic foot infections can occur in the form of ulcers and minor skin lesions. In patients with diabetic foot ulcers, ischemia and infection are the main causes of non-healing ulcers and amputations. Hyperglycemia compromises the immune system of individuals with diabetes, leading to persistent inflammation and delayed wound healing. In addition, the treatment of diabetic foot infections is challenging due to difficulty in accurate identification of pathogenic microorganisms and the widespread issue of antimicrobial resistance. As a further complicating factor, the warning signs and symptoms of diabetic foot problems can easily be overlooked. Issues associated with diabetic foot complications include peripheral arterial disease and osteomyelitis; accordingly, the risk of these complications in people with diabetes should be assessed annually. Although antimicrobial agents represent the mainstay of treatment for diabetic foot infections, if peripheral arterial disease is present, revascularization should be considered to prevent limb amputation. A multidisciplinary approach to the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diabetic patients, including those with foot ulcers, is of the utmost importance to reduce the cost of treatment and avoid major adverse consequences such as amputation.

• Diabetic foot
• Diabetes mellitus
• Foot ulcer
• Infection
• Peripheral arterial disease

• bacteriophage ecology
• intercell communication of bacteria
• phage-host interactions

• Humans
• Bacteriophages/physiology
• Bacteria
• Survivors

• DNA compactification
• St. Aureus
• antibacterial systems
• biofilms
• gene transfection vector
• resistance
• salmon sperm DNA
• water-soluble pillar[5]arene

• antimicrobial resistance
• drug combination
• hollow fiber infection model
• phage therapy
• pharmacokinetics

Quorum sensing (QS) is a major controller of virulence and biofilm formation in pathogenic bacteria. The aim of the research was to screen novel synthetic compounds (18) from 2 series (Pyrazole and Diene dione) for quorum sensing and biofilm inhibitory potential against resistant pathogens isolated from patients with chronic sinusitis. Most of the compounds have documented zone of inhibition against Gram positive strains Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis and moderate activity against Gram negative Klebseilla pneumoniae and Proteus mirabilis in comparison with standard antibiotic. Compounds Q1 and Q7 have given the maximum zone of inhibition 18 and 20 mm with MICs 0.312 mg/mL and .156 mg/mL against S aureus and E faecalis, respectively. Some compounds were equally potent at inhibiting the formation of biofilm which later established by phase contrast microscopy. Regarding quorum sensing inhibition, the tested concentration of synthetic compound UA3 0.313 mg/mL inhibited violacein production without decreasing Chromobacterium pseudoviolaceum count which was significantly lower than determined MIC’s. It was depicted from the results that selected compounds exhibited low level of cytotoxicity toward human red blood cells. Hence, these findings revealed that most novel compounds were effective antibacterial, whereas compound UA3 has shared significant anti-quorum sensing potential against Chromobacterium pseudoviolaceum.

• antibacterial potential
• biofilm inhibition
• quorum sensing
• sinusitis isolates
• synthetic compounds

• antibacterial activity
• antifungal activity
• antimicrobial effects
• antimicrobial peptides
• antimicrobial resistance
• antiviral activity
• clinical trials
• infections
• microorganisms
• treatment

Both diabetes and fungal infections contribute significantly to the global disease burden, with increasing trends seen in most developed and developing countries during recent decades. This is reflected in urogenital infections caused by Candida species that are becoming ever more pervasive in diabetic patients, particularly those that present with unsatisfactory glycemic control. In addition, a relatively new group of anti-hyperglycemic drugs, known as sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors, has been linked with an increased risk for colonization of the urogenital region with Candida spp., which can subsequently lead to an infectious process. In this review paper, we have highlighted notable virulence factors of Candida species (with an emphasis on Candida albicans) and shown how the interplay of many pathophysiological factors can give rise to vulvovaginal candidiasis, potentially complicated with recurrences and dire pregnancy outcomes. We have also addressed an increased risk of candiduria and urinary tract infections caused by species of Candida in females and males with diabetes, further highlighting possible complications such as emphysematous cystitis as well as the risk for the development of balanitis and balanoposthitis in (primarily uncircumcised) males. With a steadily increasing global burden of diabetes, urogenital mycotic infections will undoubtedly become more prevalent in the future; hence, there is a need for an evidence-based approach from both clinical and public health perspectives.

• Balanitis
• Balanoposthitis
• Candida
• Candidiasis
• Diabetes
• Pregnancy
• Urogenital infections
• Vulvovaginitis

• Porphyromonas gingivalis
• atherosclerosis
• cardiology
• periodontitis
• virulence factors

Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a Gram-negative bacterium, is one of the major pathogens implicated in human opportunistic infection and a common cause of clinically persistent infections such as cystic fibrosis, urinary tract infections, and burn infections. The main reason for the persistence of P. aeruginosa infections is due to the ability of P. aeruginosa to secrete extracellular polymeric substances such as exopolysaccharides, matrix proteins, and extracellular DNA during invasion. These substances adhere to and wrap around bacterial cells to form a biofilm. Biofilm formation leads to multiple antibiotic resistance in P. aeruginosa, posing a significant challenge to conventional single antibiotic therapeutic approaches. It has therefore become particularly important to develop anti-biofilm drugs. In recent years, a number of new alternative drugs have been developed to treat P. aeruginosa infectious biofilms, including antimicrobial peptides, quorum-sensing inhibitors, bacteriophage therapy, and antimicrobial photodynamic therapy. This article briefly introduces the process and regulation of P. aeruginosa biofilm formation and reviews several developed anti-biofilm treatment technologies to provide new directions for the treatment of P. aeruginosa biofilm infection.

• Antibiotic susceptibility
• Antimicrobial resistance
• Gram-negative bacteria
• Metabolic modulation
• Metabolism

• Anti-Bacterial Agents/metabolism
• Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology
• Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use
• Anti-Infective Agents/metabolism
• Bacteria/metabolism
• Gram-Negative Bacteria
• Metabolomics

• Anti-biofilm
• Antimicrobial peptide
• Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212
• Lactobacillus plantarum LD1
• Plantaricin LD1
• Tooth Model

• Legionella
• aerosol
• dental medicine
• infection

Bacteriophage endolysins and their derivatives have strong potential as antibacterial agents considering the increasing prevalence of antibiotic resistance in common bacterial pathogens. The peptidoglycan degrading peptidase CHAPk, a truncated derivate of staphylococcal phage K endolysin (LysK), has proven efficacy in preventing and disrupting staphylococcal biofilms. Nevertheless, the concentration of CHAPk required to eliminate populations of stationary-phase cells was previously found to be four-fold higher than that for log-phase cells. Moreover, CHAPk-mediated lysis of stationary-phase cells was observed to be slower than for log-phase cultures. In the present study, we report the fusion of a 165 amino acid fragment containing CHAPk with a 136 amino acid fragment containing the cell-binding domain of the bacteriocin lysostaphin to create a chimeric enzyme designated CHAPk-SH3blys in the vector pET28a. The chimeric protein was employed in concentrations as low as 5 μg/mL, producing a reduction in turbidity in 7-day-old cultures, whereas the original CHAPk required at least 20 μg/mL to achieve this. Where 7-day old liquid cultures were used, the chimeric enzyme exhibited a 16-fold lower MIC than CHAPk. In terms of biofilm prevention, a concentration of 1 μg/mL of the chimeric enzyme was sufficient, whereas for CHAPk, 125 μg/mL was needed. Moreover, the chimeric enzyme exhibited total biofilm disruption when 5 μg/mL was employed in 4-h assays, whereas CHAPk could only partially disrupt the biofilms at this concentration. This study demonstrates that the cell-binding domain from lysostaphin can make the phage endolysin CHAPk more effective against sessile staphylococcal cells.

• LysK
• S. aureus
• biofilms
• endolysins
• lysostaphin
• phage therapy

• ESKAPE pathogens
• MRSA
• antibiofilm and thromboresistant activity
• cationic peptides and polymers
• hydrophobic–hydrophilic balance
• mechanism of cell lysis
• multidrug−resistant microbes
• quaternized biopolymers
• structure–function relationship

• Animals
• Anti-Infective Agents/chemistry
• Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides/chemistry
• Cell Membrane/chemistry
• Cell Wall/chemistry
• Humans
• Nanostructures/chemistry
• Polymers/chemistry

• 2019/17685-2 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
• 302758/2019-4 Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
• 302352/2014-7 Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

• antibiotic resistance
• bacteriophages
• endolysin

• 712754 European Commission under the Horizon 2020 Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions COFUND scheme
• [Grant SEV-2014-0425 (2019-2021)] Severo Ochoa programme of the Spanish Ministry of Science and Competitiveness

• Candida albicans
• dermatovenerology
• gastroenterology
• oral cavity
• virulence traits