The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between body composition determined by bioimpedanciometry (BIA) with quality of life (QoL) and functional capacity in patients with obesity and chronic osteoarthritis.

The design was a descriptive cross-sectional study in a sample of 467 patients (350 women and 117 men) with obesity and chronic osteoarthritis. Age, sex, body mass index (BMI), QoL WOMAC test (expressed as a percentage from total score) and BIA parameters (muscle mass index (MMI), fat mass index (FMI), phase angle (PA), BMI-adjusted PA, reactance (Xc) and resistance (RZ)) were recorded. Patients were divided according to total WOMAC score in four quartiles.

The mean age of the patients was 60.12 (10.87) years and 74.9% of the patients were women. The mean BMI was 40.14 (5.39) kg/m2 (M: 39.74 (5.52) vs. W: 40.27 (5.35) kg/m2, P = 0.36). Total WOMAC scores were 49.12 (22.15) % (M: 46.40 (21.58) vs. W: 51.10 (22.25)%, P < 0.05); for stiffness, the score was 47.73% (M: 44.35 (30.36) vs. W: 48.85 (28.45)%, P = 0.15); for pain, it was 52.26 (25.34)% (M: 50.73 (32.68) vs. W: 52.77 (22.39)%, P = 0.45); and for functional capacity, it was 49.07 (23.38)% (M: 45.48 (23.18) vs. W: 50.27 (23.35)%, P = 0.06). MMI and BMI-adjusted PA were negatively correlated with WOMAC functional capacity score (r = -0.16, P < 0.05 for both sexes).

In patients with obesity and chronic osteoarthritis, muscle mass determined by bioimpedanciometry could have a relationship with quality of life determined by the WOMAC test. The decrease in the phase angle adjusted by BMI was related to a slightly decrease in the quality of life.

Background/Objectives: Symptomatic intravertebral vacuum cleft (SIVC) is a complication of vertebral compression fractures (VCFs) that leads to persistent pain and deformity. Its prediction remains challenging due to multifactorial causes. Paraspinal muscle fat infiltration has been associated with spinal fracture outcomes but has not been extensively explored in SIVC prediction. Our aim was to develop machine learning (ML) models for predicting SIVC and to evaluate the role of muscle-related variables in improving predictive performance. Methods: Demographic, radiological, and muscle-related variables were collected. ML models-including Logistic Regression, Random Forest, XGBoost, and Multi-Layer Perceptron-were trained and tested under two input conditions: baseline variables (SETTING_1) and baseline plus muscle-related variables (SETTING_2). Model performance was evaluated using accuracy, the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), and feature importance analysis. Results: The Random Forest model in SETTING_2, which incorporated muscle-related variables, achieved the highest accuracy (96.6%) and AUC (0.956). Multifidus fatty infiltration (MFfi), erector spinae fatty infiltration (ESfi), and endplate CSA were identified as the most significant predictors. The inclusion of muscle-related variables significantly improved the predictive performance of all ML models. Conclusions: ML models, particularly Random Forest, demonstrated high accuracy in predicting SIVC when muscle-related variables were included. Paraspinal muscle fat infiltration is a critical predictor of SIVC and should be integrated into risk assessment strategies to improve early diagnosis and management.

This study aimed to explore the association between sarcopenia, obesity, and sarcopenic obesity with depression in a middle-aged and elderly population in the United States.

We analyzed data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 2005 to 2006 and from 2011 to 2018, including 5155 participants aged 45 years and older. Obesity was defined by a body mass index (BMI) ≥ 30 or waist circumference (WC) ≥ 102 cm in men or ≥ 88 cm in women. Sarcopenia was assessed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) to calculate appendicular skeletal muscle mass index (ASMI), with gender-specific cut-offs. Multivariate logistic regression models adjusted for various covariates were used to assess the associations.

Participants classified into the sarcopenia-only, obesity-only, and sarcopenic obesity groups exhibited multivariable-adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for depression of 1.35 (95% CI 0.60-2.18; P = 0.371), 1.37 (95% CI 1.03-1.82; P = 0.031), and 2.07 (95% CI 1.36-3.16; P < 0.001), respectively, compared to the robust group. Sensitivity analyses using alternative definitions of obesity and multiple imputation for missing data confirmed these findings. Subgroup analyses revealed that the association between sarcopenic obesity and depression was more pronounced in middle-aged women (aged ≤ 52 years).

This study underscores the significant relationship between sarcopenic obesity and depression in a large U.S. middle-aged and elderly population. Interventions focusing on weight control and muscle mass enhancement through proper nutrition and physical activity may reduce depression incidence, thereby promoting healthy aging.

Studies comparing different operational definitions of sarcopenia (S) and sarcopenic obesity (SO) defined according to the ''European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism and the European Association for the Study of Obesity'' (ESPEN/EASO) criteria with functionality are scarce. Our aim is to investigate whether SO or S with different skeletal muscle mass (SMM) adjustments is better associated with functional disability.

This retrospective study was carried out in older individuals ≥ 65 years of age in a geriatric outpatient clinic. Probable and confirmed sarcopenia were evaluated with the revised European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP2) criteria, and SO with ESPEN/EASO consensus steps. For SMM component for both S and SO, different adjustments (weight, body mass index, and height square (W, BMI, H2 respectively)) were used. Functional disability was examined with activities of daily living (ADL), and instrumental ADL (IADL). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were drawn and area under ROC curve (AUC) were calculated to find which operational definition best predicts disability.

Data from 1477 older adults were screened. 408 participants (median age; 73 (65-101), 65% female) were included. Prevelance of SO was 6.9%. Probable sarcopenia, confirmed sarcopenia BMI-adjusted and confirmed sarcopenia W-adjusted were significantly associated with impaired IADL (p < 0.001), and showed fair accuracy for predicting IADL disability. Sarcopenic obesity did not show significant associations with ADL and IADL disability and didn't predict ADL and IADL disability. Only confirmed sarcopenia by BMI predicted ADL disability with poor accuracy. Among operational definitions of sarcopenia, probable sarcopenia had the highest sensitivity (83.6%) and negative predictive value (NPV) (94.2%) for predicting IADL disability.

We found that probable sarcopenia (with the highest sensitivity and NPV) and confirmed sarcopenia (BMI-adjusted with higher sensitivity and NPV than W-adjusted) were the most relevant for predicting IADL disability, but their diagnostic accuracy was limited. Confirmed sarcopenia by BMI predicted ADL disability with poor accuracy. Other operational definitions, including SO did not predict functional disability in our study. Future studies need to refine the definitions of SO and investigate its distinct impact on functional impairment compared to sarcopenia alone.

Sarcopenic obesity is characterized by the coexistence of sarcopenia and obesity, which has been demonstrated to be linked to insulin resistance. The triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index is a novel surrogate indicator of insulin resistance. However, the relationship between sarcopenic obesity and the TyG index remains unclear. This population-based study aimed to investigate the association between TyG index and sarcopenic obesity in adults.

This study utilized data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS), individuals aged over 45 years were categorized into sarcopenia, obesity, sarcopenic obesity, and control groups. Baseline characteristics were analyzed across these groups. Logistic regression models were employed to explore the association between the TyG index and sarcopenic obesity, adjusting for confounding variables. Subgroup analyses were conducted to explore the potential variations in this association across different demographic and clinical variables.

A total of 9,485 individuals were included in the study, with the sarcopenic obesity group exhibiting a higher TyG index (8.96 ± 0.61) compared to other groups (p < 0.001). A significant and independent association was observed between higher TyG index and increased likelihood of sarcopenic obesity, even after adjusting for confounders. Participants in the highest TyG index tertile had a 1.82-fold increase in the risk of sarcopenic obesity compared to those in the lowest tertile. Subgroup analyses revealed significant associations between TyG index and sarcopenic obesity across various demographic and clinical variables, particularly in individuals aged over 60 years, females, and those with chronic diseases.

The findings suggest a strong association between elevated TyG index and sarcopenic obesity in adults, independent of demographic and clinical factors. Further large-scale prospective studies are warranted to validate and expand upon these findings.

Sarcopenic obesity (SO) is increasing globally, especially in aging populations. This study aims to analyze whether SO is more strongly associated with poorer quality of life (QoL) than obesity or sarcopenia alone.

SO was defined as the coexistence of probable sarcopenia combined with obesity. Obesity was defined by body mass index and waist circumference, and probable sarcopenia was identified using the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia criteria 2019. QoL was assessed using the Short-Form 12 Health Survey Version 2. Linear regression was used to analyze the association between SO with QoL composite and domain scores.

Of 6,332 participants aged 50 years or older, 21.9% had SO, 10.6% had obesity only, and 38.7% had probable sarcopenia only. Compared to participants without obesity or sarcopenia, those with SO showed a significant negative association with physical health-related QoL (all P < 0.05), which remained significant when obesity or sarcopenia alone was used as the reference. The adjusted beta (95% CI) for the Physical Component Summary, General Health, Physical Functioning, Role Physical, and Bodily Pain for the SO group was -1.23 (-1.68, -0.79), -0.86 (-1.51, -0.21), -1.28 (-1.77, -0.80), -0.51 (-0.95, -0.07), and -0.77 (-1.37, -0.18), respectively. Non-significant association of SO with the Mental Component Summary, Vitality, Role Limitation due to Emotional Problem, and Mental Health was found (all P > 0.05). The results were consistent across different SO criteria and by sex (P for sex-interaction from 0.21 to 0.99).

SO was associated with lower physical health-related QoL compared to obesity or sarcopenia alone, but non-significantly associated with mental health-related QoL.

G protein-coupled receptor 40 (GPR40) acts as a modulator of various physiological functions, including glycaemic lowering, anti-inflammation and antioxidative stress, in several tissues. However, the role of GPR40 in skeletal muscles remains unclear.

To investigate the roles of muscle GPR40, C2C12 myoblasts and myotubes were stimulated with palmitate and HD6277, a GPR40 agonist. Muscle strength and myofiber thickness were measured in obese and aged mice fed HD6277.

In C2C12 myoblasts, the addition of HD6277 induced phosphorylated Akt levels and expression of the myogenic factors, myogenin (MyoG), myocyte enhancer factor 2C (Mef2c) and myosin heavy chain (MyHC, p < 0.05). These changes resulted in accelerated muscle differentiation from myoblasts to myotubes (MyHC-positive area +56.52%; myotube width +34.08% vs. Veh, p < 0.05). In C2C12 myotubes, a palmitate-mediated decrease in the phosphorylation of forkhead box protein O1A (FOXO1A) and increase in the expression of E3 ubiquitin ligases, atrogin-1 and muscle RING-finger protein 1 (MuRF1) were reversed by HD6277 (p < 0.05). Additionally, HD6277 inhibited palmitate-induced apoptotic events such as the Bcl-2 (Bcl2)-associated X protein (Bax)/Bcl-2 ratio, caspase 3 cleavage and nuclear fragmentation in C2C12 myoblasts and myotubes (p < 0.05). These beneficial HD6277-mediated actions disappeared after the addition of an Akt inhibitor (p < 0.05). Similar to in vitro studies, HD6277 administration in obese and aged mice increased myogenic factors and decreased E3 ubiquitin ligase expression and apoptotic events (p < 0.05). HD6277 increased muscle strength (+9.88% vs. Aged, p < 0.05) and myofiber thickness (+29.01% vs. Aged, p < 0.05) in aging mice but only improved myofiber thickness (+11.84% vs. HFD, p < 0.05) in obese mice.

HD6277 can increase myogenic factors and reduce E3 ligase-mediated proteolysis to inhibit muscle atrophy in aged mice. Our results suggest that GPR40 agonists may have potential as therapeutic agents for sarcopenia.

Renin angiotensin system (RAS) alters various mechanisms related to muscle wasting. The RAS system consists of classical and non-classical pathways, which mostly function differently. Classical RAS pathway, operates through angiotensin II (AngII) and angiotensin type 1 receptors, is associated with muscle wasting and sarcopenia. On the other hand, the non-classical RAS pathway, which operates through angiotensin 1-7 and Mas receptor, is protective against sarcopenia. The classical RAS pathway might induce muscle wasting by variety of mechanisms. AngII reduces body weight, via reduction in food intake, possibly by decreasing hypothalamic expression of orexin and neuropeptide Y, insulin like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), signaling, AngII increases skeletal muscle proteolysis by forkhead box transcription factors (FOXO), caspase activation and muscle RING-finger protein-1 transcription. Furthermore, AngII infusion in skeletal muscle reduces phospho-Bad (Ser136) expression and induces apoptosis through increased cytochrome c release and DNA fragmentation. Additionally, Renin angiotensin system activation through AT1R and AngII stimulates tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin-6 which induces muscle wasting, Last but not least classical RAS pathway, induce oxidative stress, disturb mitochondrial energy metabolism, and muscle satellite cells which all lead to muscle wasting and decrease muscle regeneration. On the contrary, the non-classical RAS pathway functions oppositely to mitigate these mechanisms and protects against muscle wasting. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms of RAS-induced muscle wasting and putative implications for clinical practice. We also emphasize the areas of uncertainties and suggest potential research areas.

Background/Objectives: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a complex disorder characterized by insulin resistance (IR), central obesity, atherogenic dyslipidemia, and higher glucose levels. It increases the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), imposing an economic burden on the healthcare system. However, the historical origins of MetS as well as the development and evolution of its definitions have not been conclusively documented in the literature. This study seeks to enhance the understanding of the developmental trends of MetS during the preceding two decades, placing particular emphasis on the definition, diagnosis and prevalence. Methods: An extensive search was performed from 1920 to 2023 across prominent scientific research engines, including Scopus, PubMed, MDPI, and others. Results: Despite advancements, many aspects of MetS remain inadequately understood. As the understanding of the nature and pathophysiology of MetS progresses, the development and refinement of its diagnostic criteria, and assessment and treatment guidelines will continue. Additionally, there exists significant variation in the global prevalence of metabolic syndrome, ranging from 14 to 39%. This prevalence is projected to increase due to the adoption of less healthy dietary patterns and sedentary lifestyles. The observed disparities in metabolic syndrome prevalence can be attributed to multiple factors, including demographic characteristics. Furthermore, the lack of a standardized definition across studies also contributes to the variation in reported prevalence rates. Conclusions: Further studies focusing on the standardization of the MetS definition across different research are crucial. The establishment of consistent criteria would enhance the reliability and validity of research findings, enabling more meaningful comparisons and interpretations.

The relationship between sarcopenic obesity and masticatory function is poorly understood. This study aims to explore this association in community-dwelling individuals aged 75 years or older.

This study analyzed data from 236 community-dwelling adults aged 75 years or older. Masticatory function was assessed using spectrophotometric measurement of gum color differences before and after chewing color-changeable gum (ΔE*ab). Participants were categorized into tertiles of masticatory function based on their ΔE*ab values. The tertiles were defined as low, intermediate, and high. Sarcopenic obesity was assessed using the Consensus statement of the Japanese Working Group on Sarcopenic Obesity. Bayesian multinomial logistic regression was employed to examine the relationship between masticatory function and sarcopenic obesity.

The prevalence rates for obesity, sarcopenia, and sarcopenic obesity were 15.3%, 24.2%, and 9.7%, respectively. After adjusting for covariates, participants with high masticatory function had a significantly lower posterior estimate of sarcopenic obesity (posterior estimate: -1.83 [95% credible interval: -3.66, -0.22]) and sarcopenia (posterior estimate: -1.97 [95% credible interval: -3.37, -0.72]) compared with participants with low masticatory function. However, no significant associations were observed between masticatory function and obesity.

These findings suggest that high masticatory function is associated with a significantly lower prevalence of sarcopenic obesity in older adults.

Background/Objectives: Sarcopenic obesity (SO) is a clinical condition in which there is an excess of fat mass and a loss of muscle mass, strength, and function. Its prevalence increases with age, particularly in adults over 65 years old. However, debate persists on the definition and assessment of SO. The purpose of this review is to examine the impact of resistance training on older adults with sarcopenic obesity. Methods: This review included studies investigating the effects of resistance training interventions in older adults with SO. A comprehensive literature search was conducted across six databases (PubMed, SCOPUS, Cochrane Library, Embase, EBSCO, and Web of Science), yielding 1882 articles. The risk of bias in the included studies was assessed using the PEDro scale and the GRADE system. Results: Eleven randomized clinical trials were analyzed qualitatively and nine were analyzed quantitatively. The meta-analysis demonstrated that exercise interventions revealed the positive effects of exercise mainly on physical performance ([SMD] = 0.36, [95% CI] = 0.03, 0.69, p = 0.003) and body composition ([SMD] = 0.35, [95% CI] = 0.12, 0.57, p = 0.003), with no significant differences in biomarkers ([SMD] = 0.1, [95% CI] = -0.28, 0.49, p = 0.52). Conclusions: Resistance training benefits older adults with SO, improving body composition and physical function, whereas there were no significant differences in blood biomarkers. The present review highlights the limitations of the existing evidence base. Many included studies exhibited methodological shortcomings, necessitating the cautious interpretation of findings. Future research should prioritize rigorous study designs, including larger sample sizes and extended follow-up periods, to enhance the precision and generalizability of results.

To evaluate the association between sarcopenia and metabolic syndrome.

A case-control study.

Geriatric Care Clinic of Metepec (México).

Outpatients with physical and mental independence to perform daily living activities (DLA).

Physical or mental disability requiring assistance from a carer, active cancer, cardiopathies and renal disease.

124 participants (59.6% women) aged over 60 years (mean age 69.7 years, standard deviation±6.5 years).

62 with sarcopenia according to the EGWSOP 2019 definition. Hypertension, diabetes, adiposity and dyslipidaemia were assessed, and the prevalence and odds ratio (OR) of metabolic syndrome in cases and controls were calculated.

Participants with sarcopenia were more likely to be female (80% vs. 41.8%), with no major differences from controls in other characteristics. 46.7% of participants were obese and 25.8% in both groups met diagnostic criteria for the metabolic syndrome; of the items defining the metabolic syndrome, only hypertension, obesity grade II and central obesity were associated with the presence of sarcopenia (OR 2.12; 3.39 and 1.93, respectively, with 95% CI).

We could not confirm an association between sarcopenia and the metabolic syndrome, but with the obesity and hypertension components.

The etiology, risk factors, and management of sarcopenia and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) are comparable, which prompted the investigators to search for a particular diagnostic or prognostic biomarker that was involved in both disorders. Peptides or proteins known as myokines, or exerkines, are produced and secreted by contracted muscles. Myokines work similarly to hormones in their actions. One common clinical hallmark of sarcopenia and MASLD is physical inactivity, which is associated with alterations in the levels of myokines. Irisin is a positive regulator of muscle size that is elevated in the biological fluids during exercise. Significantly low levels were observed in the pathological conditions associated with physical inactivity. The serum levels of irisin are significantly higher in MASLD patients, while their levels were lower in risk factors of MASLD, e.g., diabetes mellitus, obesity, and insulin resistance. In sarcopenia with obesity (sarcopenic obesity) or with a normal build, serum irisin levels are significantly lower than in healthy subjects. Therefore, serial determination of irisin levels that showed a transition from higher to lower levels in MASLD indicated the development of sarcopenia in those patients.

Federally Qualified Health Centers (FQHCs) provide service to medically underserved areas and communities, providing care to over 32 million patients annually. The burden of diabetes is increasing, but often, the vulnerable communities served by FQHCs lag in the management of the disease due to limited resources and related social determinants of health. With the increasing adoption of technologies in health care delivery, digital tools for continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) are being used to improve disease management and increase patient engagement. In this viewpoint, we share insights on the implementation of a CGM program at an FQHC, the Community-University Health Care Center (CUHCC) in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Our intent is to improve diabetes management through better monitoring of glucose and to ensure that the CGM program enables our organization's overarching digital strategy. Given the resource limitations of our population, we provided Libre Pro devices to uninsured patients through grants to improve health care equity. We used an interdisciplinary approach involving pharmacists, nurses, and clinicians and used hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels as a measure of diabetes management. We assessed the CGM program and noted key aspects to guide future implementation and scalability. We recruited 148 participants with a mean age of 54 years; 39.8% (59/148) self-identified their race as non-White, 9.5% (14/148) self-identified their ethnicity as Hispanic or Latino, and one-third (53/148, 35.8%) were uninsured. Participants had diverse language preferences, with Spanish (54/148, 36.5%), English (52/148, 35.1%), Somali (21/148, 14.2%), and other languages (21/148, 14.2%). Their clinical characteristics included an average BMI of 29.91 kg/m2 and a mean baseline HbA1c level of 9.73%. Results indicate that the CGM program reduced HbA1c levels significantly from baseline to first follow-up (P<.001) and second follow-up (P<.001), but no significant difference between the first and second follow-up (P=.94). We share key lessons learned on cultural and language barriers, the digital divide, technical issues, and interoperability needs. These key lessons are generalizable for improving implementation at FQHCs and refining digital strategies for future scalability.

Cognitive impairment (CI) affects approximately 45% of middle-aged and older adults with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) globally. Although formal comprehensive neuropsychological tests are the gold standard for diagnosing CI, they are often time-intensive and may not be feasible in primary care.

This study aimed to develop and validate a novel Risk Stratification Score (RSS) to rapidly and comprehensively predict CI risk among middle-aged and older adults with T2DM, offering a streamlined alternative in clinical practice.

A cross-sectional study was conducted from July 2023 to February 2024 in a primary care polyclinic in Singapore's western region. Participants aged between 40 and 85 diagnosed with T2DM (n=150) were included in a convenience sampling. The primary outcome was CI status and assessed using formal neuropsychological tests, which including Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA).

CI was identified in 49.3% of participants (n=74). The RSS, incorporating the MoCA, Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP), and Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB), demonstrated excellent discrimination, achieving an area under the ROC curve of 0.802 (p < 0.001). With an optimal cutoff of 0.3, the model showed a sensitivity of 63.5% and specificity of 86.8%, effectively differentiating high- and low-risk CI groups.

RSS in clinical practice, exemplified by the Integrated Metabolic Cognitive Risk Stratification Pathway (imCRSP), is a promising tool for rapid CI risk assessment in primary care. Its robust predictive accuracy and ease of use support its application for early intervention in middle-aged and older adults with T2DM. Future studies should validate its use longitudinally and across diverse populations to enhance generalizability.

Obesity-induced muscle alterations, such as inflammation, metabolic dysregulation, and myosteatosis, lead to a decline in muscle mass and function, often resulting in sarcopenic obesity. Currently, there are no definitive treatments for sarcopenic obesity beyond lifestyle changes and dietary supplementation. Feruloylacetone (FER), a thermal degradation product of curcumin, and its analog demethoxyferuloylacetone (DFER), derived from the thermal degradation of bisdemethoxycurcumin, have shown potential antiobesity effects in previous studies. This study investigates the impact of FER and DFER on obesity-related glucose intolerance and muscle atrophy. High-fat diet (HFD) feeding resulted in muscle mass reduction and increased intramuscular triglyceride accumulation, both of which were mitigated by FER and DFER supplementation. The supplements activated the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway, enhanced muscle protein synthesis, and decreased markers of muscle protein degradation. Additionally, FER and DFER supplementation improved glucose homeostasis in HFD-fed mice. The supplements also promoted the formation of a gut microbial consortium comprising Blautia intestinalis, Dubosiella newyorkensis, Faecalicatena fissicatena, Waltera intestinalis, Clostridium viride, and Caproiciproducens galactitolivorans, which contributed to the reduction of obesity-induced chronic inflammation. These findings suggest, for the first time, that FER and DFER may prevent obesity-related complications, including muscle atrophy and insulin resistance, thereby warranting further research into their long-term efficacy and safety.

There are limited studies on the phase angle (PhA) and sarcopenic obesity (SO) in the Chinese population. This study aimed to establish 50 kHz-PhA reference data for SO population, and to evaluate the correlation between 50 kHz-PhA and SO. A total of 10,312 participants including 5415 men and 4897 women were enrolled in this study, and their resistance and reactance at 50 kHz, and body composition parameters were measured a segmental multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analysis device (InBody 720). Participants were compared between the SO and non-SO groups. Then, age and fat parameters related changes in PhA were evaluated. Furthermore, Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves were used to identify the optimal PhA cutoff values for detecting SO in males and females. The results showed significant differences in PhA and body composition parameters between the SO group and the non-SO group in both sexes (P < .001), and the prevalence rates of SO increase with age in both sexes (P < .001). The PhA values decrease with age, with a significant decrease beginning at age 65 years for males and 66 years for females. The accumulation of excess adipose tissue was also found to be associated with decrease in 50 kHz-PhA value. Furthermore, PhA was negatively associated with SO, independent of age and sex. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) of PhA for SO was 0.790 (95% CI: 0.746-0.833, P < .001) in males and 0.763 (95% CI: 0.702-0.825, P < .001) in females. The optimal cutoff value was ≤ 5.55° (specificity 0.693, sensitivity 0.759) for males and ≤4.79° (specificity 0.687, sensitivity 0.738) for females. In conclusion, 50 kHz-PhA can be used as a predictor of SO, with cutoff values of ≤5.55° for males and ≤4.79° for females. This simple and practical method of using 50 kHz-PhA to predict SO could be valuable in clinical practice.

Skeletal muscle is one of the most complex and largest tissues that perform important processes in the body, including performing voluntary movements and maintaining body temperature. Disruption of muscle homeostasis results in the development of several disorders, including diabetes and sarcopenia. To study the developmental and regenerative dynamics of skeletal muscle and the mechanism behind muscle diseases, it is important to model skeletal muscle and diseases in vitro. Since skeletal muscle has a complex structure and interaction with other tissues and cells that are required to perform their function, conventional 2D cultures are not sufficient to model the skeletal muscle with their interactions. Advances in the field of organoids and assembloids will enable the establishment of more complex and realistic tissue or disease models which cannot be fully recapitulated in conventional 2D culture systems for use in several areas, including disease research, regenerative, and tissue biology. To overcome these limitations, 3D organoid systems and assembloid systems are promising because of their success in recapitulating the complex structural organization, function, and cellular interactions of skeletal muscle.

To investigate the effect of sarcopenic obesity on the progression of glycaemic status in middle-aged and older adults without diabetes.

This research involved 4637 participants without diabetes from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study 2011-2015. Sarcopenic obesity at baseline was evaluated based on the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia 2019 criteria. According to the American Diabetes Association criteria, we used fasting plasma glucose and glycated haemoglobin to define glycaemic status. Cox proportional hazard models were applied to obtain adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).

The mean age of included participants was 58.98 ± 8.82 years, and 45.35% were men. During 18,497 person-years of follow-up, 1743 (37.59%) cases with glycaemic status progression were identified. Compared with participants without sarcopenia and obesity, participants with sarcopenic obesity, but not sarcopenia only or obesity only, exhibited a higher risk of progression from normoglycaemia to diabetes (HR = 2.11; 95% CI: 1.10-4.04). Moreover, participants with sarcopenic obesity (HR = 1.65; 95% CI: 1.04-2.63), sarcopenia only (HR = 1.78; 95% CI: 1.11-2.86), or obesity only (HR = 2.00; 95% CI: 1.29-3.12) had increased the risk of progression from prediabetes to diabetes.

The effect of sarcopenic obesity on the progression of glycaemic status based on fasting plasma glucose and glycated haemoglobin may be more pronounced than that of sarcopenia only or obesity only.

Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) and risk of malnutrition can coexist in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We performed a malnutrition risk assessment as part of the standard follow-up of IBD patients and studied the potential risk factors for being at risk of malnutrition based on the presence or absence of MASLD.

The Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST) was used to screen malnutrition risk (MUST ≥1) and controlled attenuation parameter (CAP ≥248 dB/min) to assess MASLD. Adherence to a Mediterranean diet, physical activity, and quality of life were also assessed.

Of 686 evaluated IBD patients, 130 (18.9%) were identified as being at risk of malnutrition. Patients without MASLD (n = 89 [68.5%]) were more likely to be at risk than those with MASLD (n = 41 [31.5%], p = 0.005). However, among patients at risk of malnutrition, those with MASLD were more likely to have active IBD (82.9%) than patients without MASLD (39.3%, p < 0.001). Female sex (OR 1.984, p = 0.027) and young age (OR 1.014, p = 0.006) were associated with malnutrition risk only in patients with IBD without MASLD. Being at risk of malnutrition was associated with worse quality of life (p < 0.001), especially in IBD patients with MASLD.

Malnutrition risk and quality of life are modified by the presence of MASLD in IBD patients.

The present study leverages the comprehensive data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) to examine the Influencing factors of sarcopenia (SA) and sarcopenic obesity (SO). The investigation is designed to a non-invasive, cost-effective, and convenient method that is applicable to the adult population, enabling the accurate and simultaneous detection of risks associated with SA and SO. Furthermore, this research will evaluate the critical values of effective anthropometric indicators, providing early warning for risk management in self-health care and offering valuable insights for subsequent research and clinical practice. The data pertaining to NHANES participants were meticulously selected from the databases of six cycles, spanning from 2001 to 2004 and 2011 to 2018. Utilizing the diagnostic criteria established by the American Foundation for the National Institutes of Health (FNIH), anthropometric measurement data were extracted to construct composite indices. These indices were then cross-referenced with diagnostic assessments from dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and bioelectrical impedance analysis to examine the correlations between various metrics and the incidence of diseases. R software (version 4.3.3) was used for analysis, and the primary analytical methods employed included logistic regression, restricted cubic splines (RCS), and the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analysis (AUC). Sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity are commonly observed in individuals within the middle-aged and elderly demographics. The prevalence of these conditions is higher among middle-aged men of a given age when contrasted with women at the age of 40. All anthropometric indexes demonstrated a positive correlation with the onset of SA and SO, with the association with waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) showcasing a heightened strength subsequent to the adjustment for all covariates. The predictive models of all ROC curves performed commendably, particularly with the body roundness index and WHtR forecasting models exhibiting superior performance, the area under the AUC curve is 0.87 (95 CI% 0.85, 0.88) and 0.86 (95 CI% 0.85, 0.88), respectively. The RCS curve delineated a distinctive J-shaped distribution for each physical index in concurrence with SA and SO, signifying an optimal value at which the incidence of these conditions is minimal; conversely, deviations from this optimal value entailed an escalated risk of disease. Diverse anthropometric index metrics bear a strong correlation with adult onset of sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity, each displaying commendable predictive capability. Notably, the body roundness index and waist-to-height ratio may harbor heightened potential as indicative anthropometric indexes. Furthermore, the dose-effect relationship analysis inferred that the lowest disease risk is manifested among individuals with specific index profiles, thereby advocating for autonomous health monitoring to promote physical activity and bolster nutrient intake, thus mitigating the risk of sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity.

Sarcopenia is a common prevalent age-related disorder among older patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This study aimed to develop and validate a nomogram model to assess the risk of incident sarcopenia among older patients with T2DM.

A total of 1434 older patients (≥ 60 years) diagnosed with T2DM between May 2020 and November 2023 were recruited. The study cohort was randomly divided into a training set (n = 1006) and a validation set (n = 428) at the ratio of 7:3. The best-matching predictors of sarcopenia were incorporated into the nomogram model. The accuracy and applicability of the nomogram model were measured by using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), calibration curve, Hosmer-Lemeshow test, and decision curve analysis (DCA).

571 out of 1434 participants (39.8%) had sarcopenia. Nine best-matching factors, including age, body mass index (BMI), diabetic duration, glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), 25 (OH)Vitamin D, nephropathy, neuropathy, nutrition status, and osteoporosis were selected to construct the nomogram prediction model. The AUC values for training and validation sets were 0.800 (95% CI = 0.773-0.828) and 0.796 (95% CI = 0.755-0.838), respectively. Furthermore, the agreement between predicted and actual clinical probability of sarcopenia was demonstrated by calibration curves, the Hosmer-Lemeshow test (P > 0.05), and DCA.

Sarcopenia was prevalent among older patients with T2DM. A visual nomogram prediction model was verified effectively to evaluate incident sarcopenia in older patients with T2DM, allowing targeted interventions to be implemented timely to combat sarcopenia in geriatric population with T2DM.

Concerns about nutritional approaches for promoting skeletal muscle mass and function have increased. This study assessed the effects of starfish-derived glycerophospholipids (PLs) (SPL), characterized by unique ether-linked subclasses, alkylacyl (Alk)- and alkenylacyl (Pls)-PL, on skeletal muscle function, focusing on myotube formation in C2C12 myoblasts. SPL was prepared via chloroform/methanol extraction from Patiria pectinifera, followed by silica gel chromatography fractionation. Myoblasts were induced to differentiate with or without SPL treatment. On day 7 of differentiation, 50 μg/mL of SPL treatment increased myotube diameter. The phosphatidylcholine (PC) fraction (SPC) also enhanced myotube growth at 30 μg/mL. LC-MS/MS analysis indicated the most abundant PC molecular species in SPC were Alk- and Pls-PC with eicosapentaenoic acid and arachidonic acid. Treatment with 1-O-hexadecyl-2-arachidonoyl-PC, 1-1(Z)-hexadecenyl-2-arachidonoyl-PC or 1-O-hexadecyl-2-eicosapentaenoyl-PC increased myotube diameter and myokine Il-15 mRNA expression. These results demonstrate a novel functionality of SPC and highlight the role of ether-type PC molecules in muscle function.

Sarcopenia is a loss of muscle strength, muscle mass, and function that can increase a patient's risk of injury, illness, and can even severely impair quality of life and increase a patient's risk of death. A growing body of research suggests that sarcopenia and urinary tract disorders are closely related. In this review, we aimed to emphasize the definition of skeletal sarcopenia, summarize the methods used to diagnose skeletal sarcopenia, discuss the advances in the study of sarcopenia in benign diseases of the urinary system, discuss the advances in the study of sarcopenia in malignant diseases of the urinary system. Sarcopenia and urologic diseases interact with each other; urologic diseases cause sarcopenia, and sarcopenia aggravates the condition of the original disease, thus falling into a vicious circle. This review provides a comprehensive understanding of sarcopenia in urologic diseases, which is very important for the management and prognosis of urologic diseases.

Enigmatic sarcopenic obesity is still a challenge for science and adds to the global public health burden. The progressive accumulation of body fat combined with a dysfunctional skeletal muscle structure and composition, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and anabolic resistance, among other aggravating factors, together represent the seriousness and complexity of treating the metabolic disorder of sarcobesity in aging. For this reason, further studies are needed that encourage the support of therapeutic management. It is along these lines that we direct the reader to therapeutic approaches that demonstrate important, but still obscure, outcomes in the physiological conditions of sarcobesity, such as the role of taurine in modulating inflammatory and antioxidant mechanisms in muscle and adipose tissue, as well as the management of gut microbiota, able to systemically re-establish the structure and function of the gut-muscle axis, in addition to the merits of physical exercise as an instrument to improve muscular health and lifestyle quality.

Telomere length is an index of cellular aging. Healthy lifestyles are associated with reduced oxidative stress and longer telomeres, whereas unhealthy behaviors are related to shorter telomeres and greater biological aging. This investigation was designed to determine if strength training accounted for differences in telomere length in a random sample of 4814 US adults. Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) were employed to answer the research questions using a cross-sectional design. Time spent strength training was calculated by multiplying days of strength training per week by minutes per session. Participation in other forms of physical activity was also calculated based on reported involvement in 47 other activities. Weighted multiple regression and partial correlation were used to calculate the mean differences in telomere length across levels of strength training, adjusting for differences in potential confounders. With the demographic covariates controlled, strength training and telomere length were linearly related (F = 14.7, p = 0.0006). Likewise, after adjusting for all the covariates, the linear association remained strong and significant (F = 14.7, p = 0.0006). In this national sample, 90 min per week of strength training was associated with 3.9 years less biological aging, on average. Regular strength training was strongly related to longer telomeres and less biological aging in 4814 US adults.

The older segment of the global population is increasing at a rapid pace. Advancements in public health and modern medicine lengthened life expectancy and reduced the burden of disease in communities worldwide. Concurrent with this demographic change is the rise in overweight people and obesity, which is evident in all age groups. There is also an aging-related reduction in muscle mass and function, or sarcopenia, that is exacerbated by sedentary lifestyle and poor nutrition. The coexistence of muscle loss and elevated body mass index, termed "sarcopenic obesity", has particularly deleterious consequences in older individuals. Worsening insulin resistance and a proinflammatory state operate at the pathophysiologic level and lead to adverse health outcomes such as a proclivity to cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and even cognitive dysfunction. Although the concept of sarcopenic obesity as a disease construct is being increasingly recognized, a clearer understanding is warranted in order to define its components and health impact. Research is needed at the molecular-cellular level to tie together derangements in insulin action, cytokines, myokines, and endothelial dysfunction with clinical outcomes. Lifestyle modifications as well as targeted nonpharmacologic approaches, such as supplements and antioxidants, appear to have a promising role in reducing the chronic burden of this emerging disorder. Breakthroughs in drug therapies that retard or even reverse the underlying dynamics of sarcopenia and obesity in older persons are being actively explored.

Sarcopenia is one of the most common skeletal muscle disorders and is characterized by infirmity and disability. While extensive research has focused on elucidating the mechanisms underlying the progression of sarcopenia, further comprehensive insights into its pathogenesis are necessary to identify new preventive and therapeutic approaches. The involvement of inflammasomes in sarcopenia is widely recognized, with particular emphasis on the NLRP3 (NLR family pyrin domain containing 3) inflammasome. In this review, we aim to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of the NLRP3 inflammasome and its relevance in sarcopenia of various etiologies. Furthermore, we highlight interventions targeting the NLRP3 inflammasome in the context of sarcopenia and discuss the current limitations of our knowledge in this area.

The relationship between obesity and diabetic retinopathy (DR) remains controversial, and the relationship between sarcopenic obesity and DR is still unclear. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between obesity, sarcopenic obesity, and DR in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

A cross-sectional study was conducted on patients with T2DM. Obesity was assessed by body mass index (BMI), fat mass index (FMI), android fat mass, gynoid fat mass, and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) mass. Sarcopenia was defined according to the criteria of Consensus of the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia (AWGS 2019). Sarcopenic obesity was defined as the coexistence of sarcopenia and obesity. The association between obesity, sarcopenic obesity, and DR was examined using univariable and multivariable logistic regression models.

A total of 367 patients with T2DM (mean age 58.3 years; 57.6% male) were involved in this study. The prevalence of DR was 28.3%. In total patients, significant adverse relationships between obesity and DR were observed when obesity was assessed by BMI (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 0.54, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.31 to 0.96, p = 0.036), FMI (aOR 0.49, 95% CI 0.28 to 0.85, p = 0.012), android fat mass (aOR 0.51, 95% CI 0.29 to 0.89, p = 0.019), gynoid fat mass (aOR 0.52, 95% CI 0.30 to 0.91, p = 0.021) or VAT mass (aOR 0.45, 95% CI 0.25 to 0.78, p = 0.005). In patients with T2DM and obesity, the prevalence of sarcopenic obesity was 14.8% (n = 23) when obesity was assessed by BMI, 30.6% (n = 56) when assessed by FMI, 27.9% (n = 51) when assessed by android fat mass, 28.4% (n = 52) when assessed by gynoid fat mass, and 30.6% (n = 56) when assessed by VAT mass. Sarcopenic obesity was associated with DR when obesity was assessed by BMI (aOR 2.61, 95% CI 1.07 to 6.37, p = 0.035), android fat mass (aOR 3.27, 95% CI 1.37 to 7.80, p = 0.007), or VAT mass (aOR 2.50, 95% CI 1.06 to 5.92, p = 0.037).

Patients with T2DM showed a substantial inverse relationship between DR and obesity, and sarcopenic obesity was considerably favorably associated with DR. Detection of sarcopenia in patients with T2DM, especially in obese T2DM, is essential to guide clinical intervention in DR.

Sarcopenia is a clinical condition defined as low skeletal muscle mass and function. It has been identified and described as a geriatric syndrome, but it may arise in individuals with obesity at any age.

screen for sarcopenia in obese adults and identify the nutritional, clinical and biological risk factors associated with the development of sarcopenic obesity (SO+).

Descriptive cross-sectional study, including 53 obese patients. Screening for sarcopenia has been established according to pathological thresholds proposed by the European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism (ESPEN) and the European Association for the Study of Obesity (EASO).

Mean age was 44.34±13.51 years. Prevalence of Sarcopenia was 7.5% (SO+). The average intakes of calorie, lipids and saturated fatty acids were higher in SO+. A statistically significant relationship was found between low skeletal muscle mass (SMM/W) and the average intake of vitamin PP (p=0.014) and vitamin B9 (p=0.009). Mean BMI (45.86 kg/m² for SO+ versus 39.29 kg/m² for SO-; p=0.03) and mean visceral fat (16.55 l for SO+, versus 10.93 l for SO-; p=0.043) were significantly higher in SO+. A statistically significant relationship was found between insulin resistance and low (SMM/W), as attested by mean insulinemia (28.81 µIU/mL for low SMM/W, versus 14.48 µIU/mL for normal SMM/W; p=0.004) and HOMA index (7.94 for low SMM/W, versus 3.49 for normal SMM/W; p=0.002), which were higher in cases of low (SMM/W).

We recommend promoting a balanced, low-energy-density diet to improve insulin sensibility and thus reduce the risk of sarcopenia. Regular physical activity is also strongly recommended.

The prevalence of sarcopenic obesity among adults aged ≥65 years is increasing worldwide. It is a condition that describes the concomitant presence of sarcopenia and obesity, but it appears to be associated with greater increases in the risks for disability, morbidity, and mortality than the two conditions combined. The current review aims to summarize the available literature data on the effectiveness of lifestyle modification for the management of this high-risk geriatric syndrome.

We conducted a comprehensive search across multiple databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library, for publications published from January 1950 to June 2024.

The detection of early preventive and therapeutic approaches to combat sarcopenic obesity is essential for healthy aging. There is ample evidence that suggests that poor dietary habits and physical inactivity are the main reasons for the development of sarcopenic obesity and should thus be the main targets for intervention. In the absence of effective pharmacological interventions, the best effect on sarcopenic obesity is achieved by combination with proper dietary intervention and regular physical activity according to the individual's health condition.

Further research is needed to discover the most effective strategy for the prevention and treatment of sarcopenic obesity, as well as potential pharmacological options to improve muscle mass and function in older populations with physical restrictions.

To investigate the associations between dynapenic obesity and the risk of dementia, and the modifying effects of age, sex, and the APOE gene, using a large population-based cohort.

279,884 participants aged 55 and above from the UK Biobank were included. The participants were classified into four categories based on body mass index and hand grip strength: healthy, obesity, dynapenia, and dynapenic obesity. The incident dementia was identified based on linked hospital records and death register data. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to estimate the associations, followed by age-, sex-, and apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene-stratified analyses.

During the median follow-up of 12.4 years, 5,170 (1.8%) participants developed dementia. Compared with the healthy group, participants with dynapenic obesity had 67% higher dementia risk (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.67, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.44-1.94). Compared with the healthy group, higher risks of dementia in participants with dynapenic obesity were respectively observed in male (HR: 2.03, 95% CI: 1.65-2.50), younger (<65 years, HR: 1.97, 95% CI: 1.55-2.50), and non-ε4-carrier (HR: 1.97, 95% CI: 1.60-2.44) (all P for interaction <0.05). In participants under 65 years and non-ε4-carrier, those with dynapenic obesity had the highest risk of dementia (HR: 2.63, 95% CI: 1.91-3.62), compared with the healthy group (P for second order interaction = 0.026).

Dynapenic obesity is associated with increased risks of dementia, especially in participants under 65 years and non-ε4-carrier, suggesting the importance of managing dynapenic obesity in the prevention of cognition-related disorders.

Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RA) are novel antihyperglycemic agents. By acting through the central nervous system, they increase satiety and reduce food intake, thus lowering body weight. Furthermore, they increase the secretion of insulin while decreasing the production of glucagon. However, recent studies suggest a more complex metabolic impact through the interaction with various other tissues. In our present review, we aim to provide a summary of the effects of GLP-1 RA on serum lipids, adipose tissue, and muscle metabolism. It has been found that GLP-1 RA therapy is associated with decreased serum cholesterol levels. Epicardial adipose tissue thickness, hepatic lipid droplets, and visceral fat volume were reduced in obese patients with cardiovascular disease. GLP-1 RA therapy decreased the level of proinflammatory adipokines and reduced the expression of inflammatory genes. They have been found to reduce endoplasmic reticulum stress in adipocytes, leading to better adipocyte function and metabolism. Furthermore, GLP-1 RA therapy increased microvascular blood flow in muscle tissue, resulting in increased myocyte metabolism. They inhibited muscle atrophy and increased muscle mass and function. It was also observed that the levels of muscle-derived inflammatory cytokines decreased, and insulin sensitivity increased, resulting in improved metabolism. However, some clinical trials have been conducted on a very small number of patients, which limits the strength of these observations.

Sarcopenic obesity (SO) is a clinical condition in which sarcopenia and obesity occur together, and is associated with more poor clinical outcomes, increased mortality, and morbidity than sarcopenia. Phase angle (PhA), a parameter derived from bioimpedance analysis (BIA), provides data on cellular health, membrane integrity, and cellular function. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between SO and PhA among older adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM).

We performed a cross-sectional study in a tertiary hospital, and all participants underwent a comprehensive geriatric assessment, the hand-grip strength test (HGST), the chair stand test (CST) for muscle strength evaluation, the 4-meter walking test, and the timed up-and-go (TUG) test for physical performance assessment. The diagnosis of SO was made according to the ESPEN/EASO criteria. The PhA was determined automatically by the BIA using resistance and reactance at 50 kHz for each participant.

A total of 322 participants were included in the study. The mean age of the participants was 72.5 ±5.8, and 203 (63%) of them were female; 63 (19.6%) of them were sarcopenic obese. In multivariable logistic regression analyses, a significant relationship was found when the model was adjusted for age, female gender, MNA-sf scores, HbA1c level, and CCI scores (OR: 0.53, 95%CI: 0.29-0.98, P = 0.04). In ROC analyses, for PhA in predicting SO diagnosis, the AUC was 0.586 (95%CI: 0.505-0.678, P = 0.033). At the cut-off score 4.4, sensitivity was 57.1% and specificity was 61.4%; positive predictive value (PPV) was 26.5%; negative predictive value (NPV) was 85.5%.

The study identified a significant relationship between SO and PhA among older adults with type 2 DM. However, larger prospective studies are needed to confirm the potential utility of PhA as a biomarker for SO.

Although vitamin C is one of the most important antioxidants, its effect on muscle quality is not fully understood. Therefore, we hypothesized that low dietary vitamin C intake is associated with low muscle strength. To test the hypothesis, a single 24-h dietary recall and handgrip strength test of 10,883 younger adults 19-64 y and 3,961 older adults ≥65 y from the seventh Korea National Health and Examination Survey (KNHANES VII 2016-2018) was analyzed by multivariable linear and logistic regression models, and low muscle strength was defined as handgrip strength <28 kg for men and <18 kg for women. Approximately 15.5% of Korean adults met the recommended intake of dietary vitamin C, and those with higher dietary vitamin C intake had higher total energy and protein intake. After adjusting for confounding variables, including age, body mass index, total energy intake, household income, alcohol consumption, smoking, resistance exercise, medical condition, and dietary intake of protein, vitamin E, and β-carotene, dietary vitamin C was correlated with maximal handgrip strength in younger women 19-64 y (β = 0.002; SE = 0.001; P-value = .026) and older women ≥65 y (β = 0.005; SE = 0.002; P-value = .013). Among older women ≥65 y, those in the lowest quartile of dietary vitamin C intake had a higher risk of low muscle strength compared to those in the highest quartile after adjustment of confounding factors (odds ratio, 2.16; 95% confidence interval, 1.49-3.15). These results imply that adequate dietary vitamin C intake may reduce the risk of sarcopenia in older Korean women.

Sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity are growing concerns associated with increasing diabetes incidence, but data from Indian diabetic cohorts are limited. This study examined the prevalence and clinical factors associated with sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity.

In this cross-sectional study, 750 participants aged 35-70 years were recruited by systematic stratification and a fixed quota sampling technique from medical camps and categorized into diabetic (n = 250), nondiabetic (n = 250), and obese nondiabetic (n = 250) groups. The assessments included questionnaires, muscle mass estimation by bioimpedance analysis, and blood tests. Sarcopenia was defined using the Asian Working Group consensus, and sarcopenic obesity was defined as sarcopenia with a BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2. Logistic regression was used to analyze risk factors.

Sarcopenia affected 60% of diabetic patients, 28% of nondiabetic patients, and 38% of nonobese nondiabetic patients (p < 0.001). The prevalence of sarcopenic obesity was 40%, 11%, and 30%, respectively (p < 0.001). Diabetes was associated with 2.3-fold greater odds (95% CI 1.1-4.7) of sarcopenia and 2.4-fold greater odds (1.1-5.0) of sarcopenic obesity after adjustment. A duration greater than 10 years, uncontrolled diabetes, age greater than 65 years, low physical activity, hypertension, and dyslipidemia also independently increased the odds.

Indian adults with type 2 diabetes have a high burden of sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity. Early optimization of diabetes care and lifestyle changes are vital for preserving muscle health.

Breast arterial calcification (BAC) refers to medial calcium deposition in breast arteries and is detectable via mammography. Sarcopenia, which is characterised by low skeletal muscle mass and quality, is associated with several serious clinical conditions, increased morbidity, and mortality. Both BAC and sarcopenia share common pathologic pathways, including ageing, diabetes, and chronic kidney disease. Therefore, this study evaluated the relationship between BAC and sarcopenia as a potential indicator of sarcopenia.

This study involved women aged >40. BAC was evaluated using digital mammography and was defined as vascular calcification. Sarcopenia was assessed using abdominal computed tomography. The cross-sectional skeletal mass area was measured at the third lumbar vertebra level. The skeletal mass index was obtained by dividing the skeletal mass area by height in square meters(m2). Sarcopenia was defined as a skeletal mass index of ≤38.5 cm2/m2. A multivariable model was used to evaluate the relationship between BAC and sarcopenia.

The study involved 240 participants. Of these, 36 (15 %) were patients with BAC and 204 (85 %) were without BAC. Sarcopenia was significantly higher among the patients with BAC than in those without BAC (72.2 % vs 17.2 %, P < 0.001). The multivariable model revealed that BAC and age were independently associated with sarcopenia (odds ratio[OR]: 7.719, 95 % confidence interval[CI]: 3.201-18.614, and P < 0.001 for BAC and OR: 1.039, 95 % CI: 1.007-1.073, P = 0.01 for age).

BAC is independently associated with sarcopenia. BAC might be used as an indicator of sarcopenia on screening mammography.

This study aimed to compare the dietary factors related to sarcopenia and obesity status in 5458 elderly individuals (2391 men and 3076 women) aged ≥65 years from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2016-2019). Participants were categorized into normal, sarcopenia, obesity, and sarcopenic obesity groups. Sarcopenic obesity showed a higher prevalence of diabetes and lower HDL cholesterol levels compared to obesity. Sarcopenic obesity exhibited a lower total KHEI score and lower adequacy, including meat/fish/eggs/beans, than normal or obesity. In women, sarcopenic obesity scored lower than obesity on the total KHEI, adequacy for most foods, and balance of energy intake, and lower than sarcopenia on the adequacy of breakfast and milk/milk products. Sarcopenic obesity showed no significant difference in energy intake compared to sarcopenia, and less physical activity compared to sarcopenia and obesity, with a BMI/waist circumference comparable to that of obesity. Low total KHEI scores and scores for meat/fish/eggs/beans were most closely associated with sarcopenia in men and with sarcopenic obesity in women. In conclusion, low dietary quality and inadequate protein-rich foods are possibly associated with the prevalence of sarcopenic obesity in elderly Koreans, especially in women. Adequate energy intake and dietary diversity may be effective in managing sarcopenic obesity.

To investigate the impact of sarcopenia on the 10-year risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) among individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

This study included the clinical, laboratory, and body composition data of 1491 patients with T2DM who were admitted to the Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism at Tianjin Union Medical Center from July 2018 to July 2023. The China-PAR model was utilized to evaluate cardiovascular disease risk. Associations between ASCVD risk and various clinical parameters were analyzed, and the relationship between body composition parameters and ASCVD risk was assessed using logistic regression.

The analysis revealed that T2DM patients with sarcopenia had a higher 10-year ASCVD risk compared to those without sarcopenia, with reduced muscle mass independently predicting an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. This association was significant among female T2DM patients, while male T2DM patients with sarcopenia showed a marginally higher median ASCVD risk compared to their non-sarcopenic counterparts. ASCVD risk inversely correlated with body muscle parameters and positively correlated with fat content parameters. Specifically, height- and weight-adjusted fat mass (FM, FM%, FMI) were identified as risk factors for ASCVD. Conversely, muscle parameters adjusted for weight and fat (ASM%, SMM%, FFM%, ASM/FM, SMM/FM, FMM/FM) were protective against ASCVD risk. These findings highlight the critical role of sarcopenia in influencing cardiovascular disease risk among Chinese patients with T2DM, as predicted by the China-PAR model.

This study highlights the importance of sarcopenia in T2DM patients, not only as an indicator of ASCVD risk, but possibly as an independent risk factor in this demographics.

A panel of 10 experts in obesity from various Latin American countries held a Zoom meeting intending to reach a consensus on the use of anti-obesity medicines and make updated recommendations suitable for the Latin American population based on the available evidence. A questionnaire with 16 questions was developed using the Patient, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome (Result) methodology, which was iterated according to the modified Delphi methodology, and a consensus was reached with 80% or higher agreement. Failure to reach a consensus led to a second round of analysis with a rephrased question and the same rules for agreement. The recommendations were drafted based on the guidelines of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice. This panel of experts recommends drug therapy in patients with a body mass index of ≥30 or ≥27 kg/m2 plus at least one comorbidity, when lifestyle changes are not enough to achieve the weight loss objective; alternatively, lifestyle changes could be maintained while considering individual parameters. Algorithms for the use of long-term medications are suggested based on drugs that increase or decrease body weight, results, contraindications, and medications that are not recommended. The authors concluded that anti-obesity treatments should be individualized and multidisciplinary.