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Zhang Z, Ma T, Liu Q, Nan J, Liu G, Yang Y, Hu Y, Xie J. Exosomes Derived from Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells Encapsulated in M2 Macrophage Cell Membrane Targeted to Inhibit Joint Periprosthetic Inflammation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2025. [PMID: 40168527 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c22304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2025]
Abstract
Periprosthetic osteolysis (PPOL) is a serious complication following total joint replacement surgery, and exploring treatments for this complication is of significant societal importance. Exosomes derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSC-Exos, Exos) have diverse cellular functions, such as inhibiting osteoclast formation, suppressing inflammation progression, and promoting M2 macrophage polarization. However, standalone Exosomes are easily recognized and phagocytosed by the immune system, have a short half-life, and lack specificity. This study is based on the homing effect possessed by M2 macrophages under the regulation of various factors. By combining this with cell membrane encapsulation technology and embedding BMSC-Exos within the membrane of M2 macrophages (M2M-Exos), the aim is to inhibit inflammation and treat PPOL. It was found that M2M-Exos can target the PPOL area, enhancing the therapeutic effects of the BMSC-Exos and reducing wear particle-induced cranial osteolysis. Additionally, M2M-Exos provide immune camouflage through the cell membrane, allowing the BMSC-Exos to evade clearance by the mononuclear macrophage system in the body. Therefore, the study demonstrates the targeting ability of M2M-Exos and their unique role in preventing PPOL. These biomimetic nanoparticles establish a targeted nanodrug delivery system for PPOL treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheyu Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
| | - Tianliang Ma
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
| | - Qimeng Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
| | - Jiangyu Nan
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
| | - Guanzhi Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
| | - Yute Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
| | - Yihe Hu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
| | - Jie Xie
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
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Tu Y, Zheng W, Ding Z, Xiang J, Yang Q, Liu Y, Cao J, Shen Y, Tang Z, Lin S, Fan L, Xu Y, Chen B. Exosome-loaded tannic acid-thioctic acid hydrogel enhances wound healing in coagulation disorders. Mater Today Bio 2025; 31:101496. [PMID: 39990738 PMCID: PMC11846942 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2025.101496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2024] [Revised: 01/10/2025] [Accepted: 01/14/2025] [Indexed: 02/25/2025] Open
Abstract
Hemophilia poses distinct challenges to wound healing, primarily due to uncontrolled bleeding and delayed tissue repair. This study explored a novel tannic acid-thioctic acid (TATA) hydrogel, enriched with exosomes derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, as a therapeutic strategy for enhancing skin wound healing in a hemophilia model. The hydrogel exhibited robust hemostatic efficacy, potent antioxidant activity, and the capacity to modulate the inflammatory microenvironment. Both in vitro and in vivo assessments demonstrated significantly accelerated wound closure, increased collagen deposition, and pronounced angiogenesis in the TATA Hydrogel-Exosome(TATA Hydrogel-Exos) treatment group relative to controls. Rheological evaluations confirmed the self-healing properties and mechanical durability, of the hydrogel, underscoring its potential for sustained therapeutic application. Importantly, no significant systemic toxicity was observed, indicating favorable biocompatibility. These multifunctional TATA Hydrogel-Exos present a promising therapeutic avenue for hemophilia-related wounds by integrating hemostasis, inflammation regulation, and tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuesheng Tu
- Division of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Weixin Zheng
- Division of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Zichu Ding
- Division of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Jie Xiang
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, China
| | - Qinfeng Yang
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuchen Liu
- Division of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Jue Cao
- Division of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Yuling Shen
- Division of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Zinan Tang
- Division of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Shen Lin
- Division of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Lei Fan
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yaowen Xu
- Department of Health Management, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Bin Chen
- Division of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
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Zhang Y, Yan W, Wu L, Yu Z, Quan Y, Xie X. Different exosomes are loaded in hydrogels for the application in the field of tissue repair. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2025; 13:1545636. [PMID: 40099037 PMCID: PMC11911322 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2025.1545636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2025] [Indexed: 03/19/2025] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are double-membrane vesicular nanoparticles in the category of extracellular vesicles, ranging in size from 30 to 150 nm, and are released from cells through a specific multi-step exocytosis process. Exosomes have emerged as promising tools for tissue repair due to their ability to transfer bioactive molecules that promote cell proliferation, differentiation, and tissue regeneration. However, the therapeutic application of exosomes is hindered by their rapid clearance from the body and limited retention at the injury site. To overcome these challenges, hydrogels, known for their high biocompatibility and porous structure, have been explored as carriers for exosomes. Hydrogels can provide a controlled release mechanism, prolonging the retention time of exosomes at targeted tissues, thus enhancing their therapeutic efficacy. This review focuses on the combination of different exosomes with hydrogels in the context of tissue repair. We first introduce the sources and functions of exosomes, particularly those from mesenchymal stem cells, and their roles in regenerative medicine. We then examine various types of hydrogels, highlighting their ability to load and release exosomes. Several strategies for encapsulating exosomes in hydrogels are discussed, including the impact of hydrogel composition and structure on exosome delivery efficiency. Finally, we review the applications of exosomes-loaded hydrogels in the repair of different tissues, such as skin, bone, cartilage, and nerve, and explore the challenges and future directions in this field. The combination of exosomes with hydrogels offers significant promise for advancing tissue repair strategies and regenerative therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Xin Xie
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
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Spinelli S, Tripodi D, Corti N, Zocchi E, Bruschi M, Leoni V, Dominici R. Roles, Functions, and Pathological Implications of Exosomes in the Central Nervous System. Int J Mol Sci 2025; 26:1345. [PMID: 39941112 PMCID: PMC11818369 DOI: 10.3390/ijms26031345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2024] [Revised: 01/20/2025] [Accepted: 01/31/2025] [Indexed: 02/16/2025] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are a subset of extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted by nearly all cell types and have emerged as a novel mechanism for intercellular communication within the central nervous system (CNS). These vesicles facilitate the transport of proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and metabolites between neurons and glial cells, playing a pivotal role in CNS development and the maintenance of homeostasis. Current evidence indicates that exosomes from CNS cells may function as either inhibitors or enhancers in the onset and progression of neurological disorders. Furthermore, exosomes have been found to transport disease-related molecules across the blood-brain barrier, enabling their detection in peripheral blood. This distinctive property positions exosomes as promising diagnostic biomarkers for neurological conditions. Additionally, a growing body of research suggests that exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells exhibit reparative effects in the context of neurological disorders. This review provides a concise overview of the functions of exosomes in both physiological and pathological states, with particular emphasis on their emerging roles as potential diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic agents in the treatment of neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Spinelli
- Laboratory of Molecular Nephrology, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genoa, Italy; (S.S.); (M.B.)
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology and Toxicology, Hospital Pio XI of Desio, ASST-Brianza, 20832 Desio, Italy; (D.T.); (N.C.); (R.D.)
| | - Domenico Tripodi
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology and Toxicology, Hospital Pio XI of Desio, ASST-Brianza, 20832 Desio, Italy; (D.T.); (N.C.); (R.D.)
| | - Nicole Corti
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology and Toxicology, Hospital Pio XI of Desio, ASST-Brianza, 20832 Desio, Italy; (D.T.); (N.C.); (R.D.)
| | - Elena Zocchi
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy;
| | - Maurizio Bruschi
- Laboratory of Molecular Nephrology, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genoa, Italy; (S.S.); (M.B.)
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy;
| | - Valerio Leoni
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology and Toxicology, Hospital Pio XI of Desio, ASST-Brianza, 20832 Desio, Italy; (D.T.); (N.C.); (R.D.)
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Roberto Dominici
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology and Toxicology, Hospital Pio XI of Desio, ASST-Brianza, 20832 Desio, Italy; (D.T.); (N.C.); (R.D.)
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Chen J, Wang Z, Yi M, Yang Y, Tian M, Liu Y, Wang G, Shen H. Regenerative properties of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell derived exosomes in rotator cuff tears. J Transl Med 2025; 23:47. [PMID: 39800717 PMCID: PMC11727793 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-024-06029-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2024] [Accepted: 12/25/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2025] Open
Abstract
ABSTRCT Rotator cuff injury (RCI), characterized by shoulder pain and restricted mobility, represents a subset of tendon-bone insertion injuries (TBI). In the majority of cases, surgical reconstruction of the affected tendons or ligaments is required to address the damage. However, numerous clinical failures have underscored the suboptimal outcomes associated with such procedures. Further investigations have revealed that these failures are largely attributable to delayed healing at the tendon-bone interface, excessive formation of vascularized scar tissue, and inadequate integration of tendon grafts within bone tunnels. As a result, the healing process of rotator cuff injuries faces significant challenges.Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell exosomes (BMSC-exos) have emerged as a prominent focus of research within the field of bioengineering, owing to their remarkable potential to regulate cellular proliferation and differentiation, modulate immune responses, and facilitate tissue repair and regeneration following cellular damage. In this review, we explore the anti-inflammatory, angiogenic, anti-scarring, and bone metabolism-modulating effects of BMSC-exos in the context of rotator cuff injury. Additionally, we address the limitations and ongoing challenges within current research, offering insights that could guide the clinical application of BMSC-exos in the treatment of rotator cuff injuries in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Chen
- Department of Joint Surgery, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Zihe Wang
- Department of Joint Surgery, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Ming Yi
- Department of Joint Surgery, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Joint Surgery, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Mengzhao Tian
- Department of Joint Surgery, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Yinqi Liu
- School of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Southwest University Hospital, Chongqing, China.
| | - Guoyou Wang
- Department of Joint Surgery, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.
| | - Huarui Shen
- Department of Joint Surgery, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.
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Singer J, Knezic N, Gohring G, Fite O, Christiansen J, Huard J. Synovial mesenchymal stem cells. ORTHOBIOLOGICS 2025:141-154. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-822902-6.00005-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2025]
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Zhang X, Che X, Zhang S, Wang R, Li M, Jin Y, Wang T, Song Y. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles for human diseases. EXTRACELLULAR VESICLES AND CIRCULATING NUCLEIC ACIDS 2024; 5:64-82. [PMID: 39698413 PMCID: PMC11648454 DOI: 10.20517/evcna.2023.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 12/20/2024]
Abstract
Stem cell therapy is a novel approach for treating various severe and intractable diseases, including autoimmune disorders, organ transplants, tumors, and neurodegenerative diseases. Nevertheless, the extensive utilization of stem cells is constrained by potential tumorigenicity, challenges in precise differentiation, rejection concerns, and ethical considerations. Extracellular vesicles possess the ability to carry diverse bioactive factors from stem cells and deliver them to specific target cells or tissues. Moreover, they offer the advantage of low immunogenicity. Consequently, they have the potential to facilitate the therapeutic potential of stem cells, mitigating the risks associated with direct stem cell application. Therefore, the use of stem cell extracellular vesicles in clinical diseases has received increasing attention. This review summarizes advances in the use of extracellular vesicles from mesenchymal stem cells (MSC). MSC extracellular vesicles are used in the treatment of inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, liver injury, COVID-19, and allergies; in the repair of tissue damage in heart disease, kidney injury, and osteoarthritic diseases; as a carrier in the treatment of tumors; and as a regenerative agent in neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofang Zhang
- Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute, Cancer Hospital of Dalian University of Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalian University of Technology, Shenyang 110042, Liaoning, China
- Authors contributed equally
| | - Xiaofang Che
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning, China
- Authors contributed equally
| | - Sibo Zhang
- The Fourth Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110032, Liaoning, China
- Authors contributed equally
| | - Runze Wang
- Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute, Cancer Hospital of Dalian University of Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalian University of Technology, Shenyang 110042, Liaoning, China
| | - Mo Li
- Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute, Cancer Hospital of Dalian University of Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalian University of Technology, Shenyang 110042, Liaoning, China
| | - Yi Jin
- Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute, Cancer Hospital of Dalian University of Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalian University of Technology, Shenyang 110042, Liaoning, China
| | - Tianlu Wang
- Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute, Cancer Hospital of Dalian University of Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalian University of Technology, Shenyang 110042, Liaoning, China
| | - Yingqiu Song
- Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute, Cancer Hospital of Dalian University of Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalian University of Technology, Shenyang 110042, Liaoning, China
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Huang H, Qian Y, Feng Y, Wang Y, Qian P, Xu F, Wang Q. Erxian Decoction-induced serum exosomes slowed bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell senescence through mitophagy. J Gene Med 2024; 26:e3617. [PMID: 37935422 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.3617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Erxian Decoction (EXD) is traditionally employed in the treatment of menopausal syndromes, although its underlying mechanisms remain largely undefined. Given that the senescence of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) is intertwined with organismal aging and associated diseases, this study endeavored to elucidate the influence of EXD on aging BMSCs and uncover the mechanisms through which EXD impedes BMSC senescence. METHODS Initially, we probed the anti-senescent mechanisms of EXD on BMSCs via network pharmacology. We subsequently isolated and identified exosomes from the serum of EXD-fed rats (EXD-Exos) and administered these to H2 O2 -induced aging BMSC. Assays were conducted to assess BMSC senescence indicators and markers pertinent to mitochondrial autophagy. Treatments with mitophagy inhibitors and activators were then employed to substantiate our findings. RESULTS Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analyses spotlighted AKT1, TP53, TNF, JUN, VEGFA, IL6, CASP3 and EGFR as focal targets. Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encylcopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analyses underscored oxidative stress, mitophagy and cell proliferation as pivotal processes. Our cellular assays ascertained that EXD-Exos mitigated H2 O2 -induced senescence phenotypes in BMSCs. Moreover, EXD-Exos ameliorated disrupted mitophagy in BMSCs, as evidenced by enhanced cellular membrane potential and diminished reactive oxygen species levels. Intriguingly, EXD-Exos also preserved the osteogenic differentiation potential of BMSCs while curtailing their adipogenic propensity. CONCLUSION Our findings compellingly suggest that EXD counteracts BMSC senescence by fostering mitophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoqiang Huang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Kunshan Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Kunshan, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yinhua Qian
- Department of Orthopaedics, Kunshan Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Kunshan, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ye Feng
- School of Stomatology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yitao Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Kunshan Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Kunshan, Jiangsu, China
| | - Pingkang Qian
- Department of Orthopaedics, Kunshan Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Kunshan, Jiangsu, China
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Kunshan Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Kunshan, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qing Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Kunshan Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Kunshan, Jiangsu, China
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Zhu Y, Yan J, Zhang H, Cui G. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell‑derived exosomes: A novel therapeutic agent for tendon‑bone healing (Review). Int J Mol Med 2023; 52:121. [PMID: 37937691 PMCID: PMC10635703 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2023.5324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In sports medicine, injuries related to the insertion of tendons into bones, including rotator cuff injuries, anterior cruciate ligament injuries and Achilles tendon ruptures, are commonly observed. However, traditional therapies have proven to be insufficient in achieving satisfactory outcomes due to the intricate anatomical structure associated with these injuries. Adult bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells possess self‑renewal and multi‑directional differentiation potential and can generate various mesenchymal tissues to aid in the recovery of bone, cartilage, adipose tissue and bone marrow hematopoietic tissue. In addition, extracellular vesicles derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells known as exosomes, contain lipids, proteins and nucleic acids that govern the tissue microenvironment, facilitate tissue repair and perform various biological functions. Studies have demonstrated that bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell‑derived exosomes can function as natural nanocapsules for drug delivery and can enhance tendon‑bone healing strength. The present review discusses the latest research results on the role of exosomes released by bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in tendon‑bone healing and provides valuable information for implementing these techniques in regenerative medicine and sports health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjia Zhu
- Department of Arthritis, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261031, P.R. China
| | - Jiapeng Yan
- Department of Arthritis, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261031, P.R. China
| | - Hongfei Zhang
- Department of Arthritis, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261031, P.R. China
| | - Guanxing Cui
- Department of Arthritis, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261031, P.R. China
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Zhang Z, Zhang Z, Shu H, Meng Y, Lin T, Ma J, Zhao J, Zhou X. Association between gut microbiota and bone metabolism: Insights from bibliometric analysis. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1156279. [PMID: 37153210 PMCID: PMC10154530 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1156279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota has been reported to participate in bone metabolism. However, no article has quantitatively and qualitatively analyzed this crossing field. The present study aims to analyze the current international research trends and demonstrate possible hotspots in the recent decade through bibliometrics. We screened out 938 articles meeting the standards from 2001 to 2021 in the Web of Science Core Collection database. Bibliometric analyses were performed and visualized using Excel, Citespace, and VOSviewer. Generally, the annual number of published literatures in this field shows an escalating trend. The United States has the largest number of publications, accounting for 30.4% of the total. Michigan State University and Sichuan University have the largest number of publications, while Michigan State University has the highest average number of citations at 60.00. Nutrients published 49 articles, ranking first, while the Journal of Bone and Mineral Research had the highest average number of citations at 13.36. Narayanan Parameswaran from Michigan State University, Roberto Pacifici from Emory University, and Christopher Hernandez from Cornell University were the three professors who made the largest contribution to this field. Frequency analysis showed that inflammation (148), obesity (86), and probiotics (81) are keywords with the highest focus. Moreover, keywords cluster analysis and keywords burst analysis showed that "inflammation", "obesity", and "probiotics" were the most researched topics in the field of gut microbiota and bone metabolism. Scientific publications related to gut microbiota and bone metabolism have continuously risen from 2001 to 2021. The underlying mechanism has been widely studied in the past few years, and factors affecting the alterations of the gut microbiota, as well as probiotic treatment, are emerging as new research trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanrong Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University), Shanghai, China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University), Shanghai, China
- Department of Orthopedic Rehabilitation, Qingdao Special Servicemen Recuperation Center of PLA Navy, Qingdao, China
| | - Haoming Shu
- Department of Orthopedics, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University), Shanghai, China
| | - Yichen Meng
- Department of Orthopedics, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University), Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Lin
- Department of Orthopedics, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University), Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Ma
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People’s Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Jun Ma, ; Jianquan Zhao, ; Xuhui Zhou,
| | - Jianquan Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University), Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Jun Ma, ; Jianquan Zhao, ; Xuhui Zhou,
| | - Xuhui Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University), Shanghai, China
- Translational Research Center of Orthopedics, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People’s Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Jun Ma, ; Jianquan Zhao, ; Xuhui Zhou,
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Wu J, Chen LH, Sun SY, Li Y, Ran XW. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes: The dawn of diabetic wound healing. World J Diabetes 2022; 13:1066-1095. [PMID: 36578867 PMCID: PMC9791572 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v13.i12.1066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic wound healing has long been an unmet medical need in the field of wound repair, with diabetes being one of the major etiologies. Diabetic chronic wounds (DCWs), especially diabetic foot ulcers, are one of the most threatening chronic complications of diabetes. Although the treatment strategies, drugs, and dressings for DCWs have made great progress, they remain ineffective in some patients with refractory wounds. Stem cell-based therapies have achieved specific efficacy in various fields, with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) being the most widely used. Although MSCs have achieved good feedback in preclinical studies and clinical trials in the treatment of cutaneous wounds or other situations, the potential safety concerns associated with allogeneic/autologous stem cells and unknown long-term health effects need further attention and supervision. Recent studies have reported that stem cells mainly exert their trauma repair effects through paracrine secretion, and exosomes play an important role in intercellular communication as their main bioactive component. MSC-derived exosomes (MSC-Exos) inherit the powerful inflammation and immune modulation, angiogenesis, cell proliferation and migration promotion, oxidative stress alleviation, collagen remodeling imbalances regulation of their parental cells, and can avoid the potential risks of direct stem cell transplantation to a large extent, thus demonstrating promising performance as novel "cell-free" therapies in chronic wounds. This review aimed to elucidate the potential mechanism and update the progress of MSC-Exos in DCW healing, thereby providing new therapeutic directions for DCWs that are difficult to be cured using conventional therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wu
- Innovation Center for Wound Repair, Diabetic Foot Care Center, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Li-Hong Chen
- Innovation Center for Wound Repair, Diabetic Foot Care Center, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Shi-Yi Sun
- Innovation Center for Wound Repair, Diabetic Foot Care Center, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yan Li
- Innovation Center for Wound Repair, Diabetic Foot Care Center, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Xing-Wu Ran
- Innovation Center for Wound Repair, Diabetic Foot Care Center, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
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12
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Wang Z, Zhao Z, Gao B, Zhang L. Exosome mediated biological functions within skeletal microenvironment. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:953916. [PMID: 35935491 PMCID: PMC9355125 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.953916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are membranous lipid vesicles fused with intracellular multicellular bodies that are released into the extracellular environment. They contain bioactive substances, including proteins, RNAs, lipids, and cytokine receptors. Exosomes in the skeletal microenvironment are derived from a variety of cells such as bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs), osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes. Their biological function is key in paracrine or endocrine signaling. Exosomes play a role in bone remodeling by regulating cell proliferation and differentiation. Genetic engineering technology combined with exosome-based drug delivery can therapy bone metabolic diseases. In this review, we summarized the pathways of exosomes derived from different skeletal cells (i.e., BMSCs, osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts) regulate the skeletal microenvironment through proteins, mRNAs, and non-coding RNAs. By exploring the role of exosomes in the skeletal microenvironment, we provide a theoretical basis for the clinical treatment of bone-related metabolic diseases, which may lay the foundation to improve bone tumor microenvironments, alleviate drug resistance in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhikun Wang
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhonghan Zhao
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Gao
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
- *Correspondence: Bo Gao, ; Lingli Zhang,
| | - Lingli Zhang
- College of Athletic Performance, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Bo Gao, ; Lingli Zhang,
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13
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Lv B, Gan W, Cheng Z, Wu J, Chen Y, Zhao K, Zhang Y. Current Insights Into the Maintenance of Structure and Function of Intervertebral Disc: A Review of the Regulatory Role of Growth and Differentiation Factor-5. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:842525. [PMID: 35754493 PMCID: PMC9213660 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.842525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD), characterized by conversion of genotypic and phenotypic, is a major etiology of low back pain and disability. In general, this process starts with alteration of metabolic homeostasis leading to ongoing inflammatory process, extracellular matrix degradation and fibrosis, diminished tissue hydration, and impaired structural and mechanical functionality. During the past decades, extensive studies have focused on elucidating the molecular mechanisms of degeneration and shed light on the protective roles of various factors that may have the ability to halt and even reverse the IDD. Mutations of GDF-5 are associated with several human and animal diseases that are characterized by skeletal deformity such as short digits and short limbs. Growth and differentiation factor-5 (GDF-5) has been shown to be a promise biological therapy for IDD. Substantial literature has revealed that GDF-5 can decelerate the progression of IDD on the molecular, cellular, and organ level by altering prolonged imbalance between anabolism and catabolism. GDF family members are the central signaling moleculars in homeostasis of IVD and upregulation of their gene promotes the expression of healthy nucleus pulposus (NP) cell marker genes. In addition, GDF signaling is able to induce mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to differentiate into NPCs and mobilize resident cell populations as chemotactic signals. This review will discuss the promising critical role of GDF-5 in maintenance of structure and function of IVDs, and its therapeutic role in IDD endogenous repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Lv
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Weikang Gan
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhangrong Cheng
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Juntao Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuhang Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kangchen Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yukun Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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14
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You M, Ai Z, Zeng J, Fu Y, Zhang L, Wu X. Bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs)-derived exosomal microRNA-21-5p regulates Kruppel-like factor 3 (KLF3) to promote osteoblast proliferation in vitro. Bioengineered 2022; 13:11933-11944. [PMID: 35549815 PMCID: PMC9310648 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2022.2067286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs)-derived exosomes (Exos) play important roles in osteoporosis, while the regulation of microRNA (miR)-21-5p remains unclear. The BMSCs-derived exosomes were isolated from femoral bone marrow of trauma patients, which were then used to stimulate human osteoblasts (hFOB1.19 cells). The miR-21-5p mimic or inhibitor was transfected into BMSCs to overexpress or knockdown miR-21-5p. The functions of miR-21-5p in osteoporosis were assessed by cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining and alizarin red staining assays. We found that BMSCs-derived exosomes could enhance proliferation, osteoblastic differentiation and ALP activity of hFOB1.19 cells. BMSCs-derived exosomes with upregulated miR-21-5p could further enhance these protective impacts compared with that in BMSCs-derived exosomes, while BMSCs-derived exosomes with downregulated miR-21-5p reduced these cell phenotypes. MiR-21-5p could directly bind to the 3’-untranslated region (UTR) of Kruppel-like factor 3 (KLF3), and knockdown of KLF3 obviously attenuated these inhibitory effects of BMSCs-derived exosomes with downregulated miR-21-5p on osteoblastic differentiation and ALP activity of hFOB1.19 cells. In summary, BMSCs-derived exosomal miR-21-5p improved osteoporosis through regulating KLF3, providing a potential therapeutic strategy for osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murong You
- Department of Orthopedics, JiangXi Provincial People's Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zisheng Ai
- Department of Medical Statistics, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jihuan Zeng
- Department of Orthopedics, JiangXi Provincial People's Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Fu
- Department of Orthopedics, JiangXi Provincial People's Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, JiangXi Provincial People's Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, JiangXi Provincial People's Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China
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15
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Zhou X, Cao H, Guo J, Yuan Y, Ni G. Effects of BMSC-Derived EVs on Bone Metabolism. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:1012. [PMID: 35631601 PMCID: PMC9146387 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14051012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small membrane vesicles that can be secreted by most cells. EVs can be released into the extracellular environment through exocytosis, transporting endogenous cargo (proteins, lipids, RNAs, etc.) to target cells and thereby triggering the release of these biomolecules and participating in various physiological and pathological processes. Among them, EVs derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSC-EVs) have similar therapeutic effects to BMSCs, including repairing damaged tissues, inhibiting macrophage polarization and promoting angiogenesis. In addition, BMSC-EVs, as efficient and feasible natural nanocarriers for drug delivery, have the advantages of low immunogenicity, no ethical controversy, good stability and easy storage, thus providing a promising therapeutic strategy for many diseases. In particular, BMSC-EVs show great potential in the treatment of bone metabolic diseases. This article reviews the mechanism of BMSC-EVs in bone formation and bone resorption, which provides new insights for future research on therapeutic strategies for bone metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuchang Zhou
- School of Sport Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China;
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China; (H.C.); (J.G.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Hong Cao
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China; (H.C.); (J.G.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Jianming Guo
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China; (H.C.); (J.G.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Yu Yuan
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China; (H.C.); (J.G.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Guoxin Ni
- School of Sport Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China;
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16
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Liang X, Wang Y, Pei L, Tan X, Dong C. Identification of Prostate Cancer Risk Genetics Biomarkers Based on Intergraded Bioinformatics Analysis. Front Surg 2022; 9:856446. [PMID: 35372462 PMCID: PMC8967941 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2022.856446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most popular cancer types in men. Nevertheless, the pathogenic mechanisms of PCa are poorly understood. Hence, we aimed to identify the potential genetic biomarker of PCa in the present study. Methods High-throughput data set GSE46602 was obtained from the comprehensive gene expression database (GEO) for screening differentially expressed genes (DEGs). The common DEGs were further screened out using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) dataset. Functional enrichment analysis includes Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) to study related mechanisms. The Cox and Lasso regression analyses were carried out to compress the target genes and construct the high-risk and low-risk gene model. Survival analyses were performed based on the gene risk signature model. The CIBERSORT algorithm was performed to clarify the correlation of the high- and low-risk gene model in risk and infiltration of immune cells in PCa. Results A total of 385 common DEGs were obtained. The results of functional enrichment analysis show that common DEGs play an important role in PCa. A three-gene signature model (KCNK3, AK5, and ARHGEF38) was established, and the model was significantly associated with cancer-related pathways, overall survival (OS), and tumor microenvironment (TME)-related immune cells in PCa. Conclusion This new risk model may contribute to further investigation in the immune-related pathogenesis in progression of PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Chunhui Dong
- Department of Urology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiahzuang, China
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17
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Li W, Zhang S, Wang D, Zhang H, Shi Q, Zhang Y, Wang M, Ding Z, Xu S, Gao B, Yan M. Exosomes Immunity Strategy: A Novel Approach for Ameliorating Intervertebral Disc Degeneration. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:822149. [PMID: 35223870 PMCID: PMC8870130 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.822149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Low back pain (LBP), which is one of the most severe medical and social problems globally, has affected nearly 80% of the population worldwide, and intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) is a common musculoskeletal disorder that happens to be the primary trigger of LBP. The pathology of IDD is based on the impaired homeostasis of catabolism and anabolism in the extracellular matrix (ECM), uncontrolled activation of immunologic cascades, dysfunction, and loss of nucleus pulposus (NP) cells in addition to dynamic cellular and biochemical alterations in the microenvironment of intervertebral disc (IVD). Currently, the main therapeutic approach regarding IDD is surgical intervention, but it could not considerably cure IDD. Exosomes, extracellular vesicles with a diameter of 30–150 nm, are secreted by various kinds of cell types like stem cells, tumor cells, immune cells, and endothelial cells; the lipid bilayer of the exosomes protects them from ribonuclease degradation and helps improve their biological efficiency in recipient cells. Increasing lines of evidence have reported the promising applications of exosomes in immunological diseases, and regarded exosomes as a potential therapeutic source for IDD. This review focuses on clarifying novel therapies based on exosomes derived from different cell sources and the essential roles of exosomes in regulating IDD, especially the immunologic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihang Li
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Shilei Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital of Yanan University, Yanan, China
| | - Huan Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Quan Shi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yuyuan Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Mo Wang
- The First Brigade of Basic Medical College, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Ziyi Ding
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Songjie Xu
- Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Songjie Xu, ; Bo Gao, ; Ming Yan,
| | - Bo Gao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
- *Correspondence: Songjie Xu, ; Bo Gao, ; Ming Yan,
| | - Ming Yan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
- *Correspondence: Songjie Xu, ; Bo Gao, ; Ming Yan,
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18
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Liang W, Han B, Hai Y, Sun D, Yin P. Mechanism of Action of Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes in the Intervertebral Disc Degeneration Treatment and Bone Repair and Regeneration. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:833840. [PMID: 35096846 PMCID: PMC8795890 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.833840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are extracellular vesicles formed by various donor cells that regulate gene expression and cellular function in recipient cells. Exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSC-Exos) perform the regulatory function of stem cells by transporting proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids. Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) is one of the main causes of low back pain, and it is characterized by a decreased number of nucleus pulposus cells, extracellular matrix decomposition, aging of the annulus fibrosus, and cartilage endplate calcification. Besides, nutrient transport and structural repair of intervertebral discs depend on bone and cartilage and are closely related to the state of the bone. Trauma, disease and aging can all cause bone injury. However, there is a lack of effective drugs against IDD and bone injury. Recent MSC-Exos fine tuning has led to significant progress in the IDD treatment and bone repair and regeneration. In this review, we looked at the uniqueness of MSC-Exos, and the potential treatment mechanisms of MSC-Exos with respect to IDD, bone defects and injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weishi Liang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Han
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Hai
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Duan Sun
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Yin
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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