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Zhen PX, Su HJ, Yang SJ, Chen X, Lin ZM, Liu SN. Comparison of clinical efficacy between tibial cortex transverse transport and platelet-rich plasma treatment for severe diabetic foot ulcers. Front Surg 2025; 12:1507982. [PMID: 40166622 PMCID: PMC11955506 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2025.1507982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2025] [Indexed: 04/02/2025] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aims to compare the effects of tibial cortex transverse transport (TTT) and platelet-rich plasma (PRP) on the healing of severe diabetic foot ulcers, evaluate the clinical efficacy of TTT, and explore its potential impact on lower limb circulation. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on two patient groups treated at our hospital between July 2019 and June 2022. One group underwent TTT, while the other received PRP therapy. Both groups had Wagner level 3 or higher ulcers. An 18-month follow-up was performed for both groups, during which we documented wound healing progress and healing times to assess clinical efficacy. To investigate lower limb blood flow recovery, lower limb arterial ultrasound was used to measure blood flow velocities in the affected popliteal and dorsalis pedis arteries. Additionally, ELISA was employed to measure the stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) levels of angiogenic factors in peripheral blood. Results A total of 60 diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) patients were enrolled in our study, with 30 patients in each group: TTT-treated and PRP-treated. During the 18-month follow-up, the wound healing rate in the TTT-treated group was significantly higher than in the PRP-treated group [96.67% (29/30) vs. 80% (24/30), p < 0.05]. Furthermore, the healing time in the TTT-treated group was shorter (3.02 ± 0.84 vs. 6.04 ± 0.85 months, p < 0.001). The amputation rate [3.33% (1/30) vs. 20% (6/30), p < 0.05] and recurrence rate [6.67% (2/30) vs. 26.67% (8/30), p < 0.05] in the TTT-treated group were lower than those in the PRP-treated group. After 1 month and 18 months of treatment, the flow velocities in the popliteal artery (68.93 ± 2.69 vs. 58.14 ± 2.48 cm/s, p < 0.001; 55.68 ± 3.43 vs. 46.07 ± 3.02 cm/s, p < 0.001) and dorsalis pedis artery (46.45 ± 2.77 vs. 36.46 ± 2.83 cm/s, p < 0.001; 38.63 ± 2.40 vs. 29.82 ± 2.15 cm/s, p < 0.001) in the TTT-treated group were significantly higher than in the PRP-treated group. Additionally, the TTT-treated group showed higher levels of SDF-1 expression (375.36 ± 13.52 vs. 251.93 ± 9.82 pg/ml, p < 0.001; 256.62 ± 13.19 vs. 239.96 ± 10.78 pg/ml, p < 0.001). Conclusion Our results suggest that TTT treatment is more clinically effective than PRP for treating severe DFUs. This increased efficacy may be attributed to enhanced lower limb blood flow, which is potentially driven by elevated SDF-1 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu-Xiang Zhen
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental General Medicine Education, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
| | - Hong-Jie Su
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, (Guangxi Diabetic Foot Salvage Engineering Research Center), The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Si-Jie Yang
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, (Guangxi Diabetic Foot Salvage Engineering Research Center), The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, (Guangxi Diabetic Foot Salvage Engineering Research Center), The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Zhan-Ming Lin
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, (Guangxi Diabetic Foot Salvage Engineering Research Center), The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Sai-Nan Liu
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, The Second Hospital Affiliated to Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
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Ren J, Gao H, Luo W, Lu S, Fu C, Wang H, Wang G, Zhu Z, Zhang Y, Zhang Y. Risk Factors, Microbiology, and Prognosis of Diabetic Foot Osteomyelitis: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Endocr Pract 2025:S1530-891X(25)00031-X. [PMID: 39884509 DOI: 10.1016/j.eprac.2025.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2024] [Revised: 01/16/2025] [Accepted: 01/21/2025] [Indexed: 02/01/2025]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine risk factors, microbiology, and prognosis of diabetic foot osteomyelitis (DFO). METHODS We conducted a retrospective cohort study of 456 persons diagnosed with diabetic foot disease admitted to a grade-A tertiary hospital from January 2012 to December 2022. Multifactorial Cox regression was used to analyze independent risk factors for DFO. Medical records were reviewed to determine etiologic agents and antibiotic susceptibility profiles. In addition, 5-year survival rates of all DFO patients and those undergoing amputation were analyzed using Kaplan-Meier curves. RESULTS Multivariate Cox regression identified higher Wagner grades (hazard ratio 3.17, 95% confidence interval 2.04, 4.94) as independent risk factors for DFO. In the DFO group, a total of 62 patients had positive bone or deep tissue cultures. The most prevalent Gram-positive bacterial isolates were Staphylococcus aureus (11.29%) and Enterococcus faecalis (11.29%), while Gram-negative infections were caused most often by Proteus vulgaris (4.84%). Polymicrobial infections were common (27.41%). Five-year survival rates were lower among DFO patients than in matched DF controls, and lower among major amputation than minor amputation and nonamputation DFO patients. CONCLUSIONS Higher Wagner grades were independent risk factors for DFO. Major amputation does not improve 5-year survival rates in DFO patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ren
- Department of Orthopedics, Second Affiliated Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hao Gao
- Department of Orthopedics, Second Affiliated Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wen Luo
- Department of Ultrasonography, First Affiliated Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shuaikun Lu
- Department of Orthopedics, Second Affiliated Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Congxiao Fu
- Department of Orthopedics, Second Affiliated Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hu Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Second Affiliated Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Guoliang Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Second Affiliated Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhenfeng Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, Second Affiliated Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Second Affiliated Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yunfei Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Second Affiliated Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
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Metaoy S, Rusu I, Pillai A. Microbial profile of diabetic foot osteomyelitis from the northwest of England. Clin Diabetes Endocrinol 2024; 10:35. [PMID: 39516954 PMCID: PMC11549820 DOI: 10.1186/s40842-024-00193-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 11/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteomyelitis of the diabetic foot is a common and challenging complication affecting patients with diabetic foot ulcers and infections. The complexity of these infections lies in their polymicrobial nature, high rates of persistence and recurrence. This study examined the microbiological profile of diabetic foot osteomyelitis from a teaching hospital in Northwest England and their resistance patterns to understand its impact on infection persistence and to direct effective treatment. METHODS A retrospective review of 105 patients who underwent surgical management for diabetic foot osteomyelitis between 2019 and 2024. We analysed three consecutive culture samples for each patient to assess for the microbiological profile and resistance patterns of these infections and to monitor infection recurrence and persistence rates. RESULTS A total of 105 patients were identified. Infection eradication was noted in 42% of the cohort, infection persistence in 18%, and late infection recurrence in 40%. Polymicrobial growth was evident in 72% of our study sample. Gram-positive bacteria made up the majority of the bacterial isolates in all 3 culture samples, 74.81% in sample 1, 69.31% in sample 2, and 55.1% in sample 3. Staphylococcus aureus was the most prevalent gram-positive bacteria, at 52.38% in sample 1, 36.19% in sample 2, and 18.09% in sample 3, followed by Haemolytic Streptococcus, Enterococcus and Corynebacterium. The frequently identified gram-negative bacteria were Pseudomonas in sample 1 (7.61%), E. coli and Proteus in sample 2 (5,71%), Pseudomonas and Proteus in sample 3 (2.85%). Gram-positive bacteria were resistant to penicillin and macrolides with resistance of staphylococcus aureus to clarithromycin identified among all 3 culture samples. Gram-negative bacteria were most resistant to amoxicillin. Staphylococcus aureus was responsible for infection persistence in most of our cohort (12/19) 63.15%. Among those patients, Staphylococcus was resistant to clarithromycin in 6 of the cases. The 5-year mortality rate for our study sample was 32.38%. CONCLUSION This study highlights the prevalence of polymicrobial growth and multi-drug resistant pathogens in the scope of diabetic foot osteomyelitis. It highlights the predominance of Staphylococcus aureus and its resistant strains among patients affected by diabetic foot osteomyelitis in Greater Manchester.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Metaoy
- University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
- Wythenshawe Hospital Manchester, Wythenshawe, UK.
| | - Iulia Rusu
- University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Anand Pillai
- University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Wythenshawe Hospital Manchester, Wythenshawe, UK
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Qin W, Nie X, Su H, Ding Y, He L, Liu K, Hou J, Pan K, He L, Yang S, Li L, Yang S, Peng X, Zhao J, Guan J, Kuang X, Hua Q. Efficacy and safety of unilateral tibial cortex transverse transport on bilateral diabetic foot ulcers: A propensity score matching study. J Orthop Translat 2023; 42:137-146. [PMID: 37736148 PMCID: PMC10509564 DOI: 10.1016/j.jot.2023.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Tibial Cortex Transverse Transport (TTT) has been demonstrated to be an effective treatment for unilateral diabetic foot ulcers (UDFUs). However, this retrospective study was designed to compare the efficacy and safety of unilateral TTT on bilateral diabetic foot ulcers (BDFUs). Methods This retrospective study included a review of patients with TTT treated from January 2017 to August 2019, Propensity Score Matching (PSM) was performed to compare patients with BDFUs to those with UDFUs. Ulcer healing, recurrence, and major amputation rates were evaluated at 1-year follow-up. Changes in foot vessels were assessed in the BDFUs group using computed tomography angiography (CTA). Results A total of 140 patients with DFUs (106 UDFUs and 34 BDFUs) were included in the study. UDFUs and BDFUs were matched in a 1:1 ratio (34 in each group) using PSM. No significant difference was observed at 1-year-follow-up [91.2% (31/34) vs. 76.5% (26/34), OR 0.315 (95% CI 0.08 to 1.31), P = 0.10] and 6-month-follow-up [70.6% (24/34) vs. 50.0% (17/34), OR 0.85 (95% CI 0.15 to 1.13), P = 0.08] in two groups. Significant differences in rates of major amputation and recurrence between the groups (P > 0.05) were not observed. The BDFUs group appeared more angiogenesis of the foot by CTA after 8 weeks of operation. Conclusion Results of this study suggest that severe BDFUs can be effectively treated by unilateral TTT. TTT is easy to operate and effective, which may be a good alternative for treating severe BDFUs. The translational potential of this article In previous retrospective clinical studies, TTT has demonstrated promising clinical outcomes in the management of diabetic foot ulcers. In this current study, we aim to investigate the potential use of TTT in treating distant tissue defects by evaluating the limited availability and safety of TTT for the management of bilateral diabetic foot. While additional basic and clinical research is necessary to fully elucidate the underlying mechanisms, our study offers insight into the potential therapeutic use of TTT for this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wencong Qin
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
- Guangxi Diabetic Foot Salvage Engineering Research Center, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
| | - Xinyu Nie
- Guangxi Diabetic Foot Salvage Engineering Research Center, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
- Research Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, China
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130042, China
| | - Hongjie Su
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
- Guangxi Diabetic Foot Salvage Engineering Research Center, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Regenerative Medicine and Medical Bio-Resource Development and Application Co-constructed by the Province and Ministry, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
- Research Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, China
| | - Yi Ding
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
- Guangxi Diabetic Foot Salvage Engineering Research Center, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
| | - Lihuan He
- Guangxi Diabetic Foot Salvage Engineering Research Center, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Sinopharm Dongfeng General Hospital of Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000, Hubei, China
| | - Kaibing Liu
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
- Guangxi Diabetic Foot Salvage Engineering Research Center, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
| | - Jun Hou
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
- Guangxi Diabetic Foot Salvage Engineering Research Center, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Regenerative Medicine and Medical Bio-Resource Development and Application Co-constructed by the Province and Ministry, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
- Research Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, China
| | - Kaixiang Pan
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
- Guangxi Diabetic Foot Salvage Engineering Research Center, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
- Yulin Campus of Guangxi Medical University, Yulin, Guangxi, 537406, China
| | - Liexun He
- Guangxi Diabetic Foot Salvage Engineering Research Center, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
| | - Sijie Yang
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
- Guangxi Diabetic Foot Salvage Engineering Research Center, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Regenerative Medicine and Medical Bio-Resource Development and Application Co-constructed by the Province and Ministry, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
- Research Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, China
| | - Lisha Li
- Guangxi Diabetic Foot Salvage Engineering Research Center, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
| | - Shenghui Yang
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
- Guangxi Diabetic Foot Salvage Engineering Research Center, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Regenerative Medicine and Medical Bio-Resource Development and Application Co-constructed by the Province and Ministry, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
- Research Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, China
| | - Xiao Peng
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
- Guangxi Diabetic Foot Salvage Engineering Research Center, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
| | - Jinming Zhao
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
- Guangxi Diabetic Foot Salvage Engineering Research Center, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Regenerative Medicine and Medical Bio-Resource Development and Application Co-constructed by the Province and Ministry, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
- Research Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, China
| | - Jack Guan
- Bay Area Foot and Ankle Medical Clinic, San Jose, 3150, California, USA
| | - Xiaocong Kuang
- Guangxi Diabetic Foot Salvage Engineering Research Center, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
- Yulin Campus of Guangxi Medical University, Yulin, Guangxi, 537406, China
- Research Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, China
| | - Qikai Hua
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
- Guangxi Diabetic Foot Salvage Engineering Research Center, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Regenerative Medicine and Medical Bio-Resource Development and Application Co-constructed by the Province and Ministry, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
- Research Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, China
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Calvo-Wright MDM, Álvaro-Afonso FJ, López-Moral M, García-Álvarez Y, García-Morales E, Lázaro-Martínez JL. Is the Combination of Plain X-ray and Probe-to-Bone Test Useful for Diagnosing Diabetic Foot Osteomyelitis? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Clin Med 2023; 12:5369. [PMID: 37629412 PMCID: PMC10455253 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12165369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to assess the diagnostic accuracy of the combination of plain X-ray and probe-to-bone (PTB) test for diagnosing diabetic foot osteomyelitis (DFO). This systematic review has been registered in PROSPERO (a prospective international register of systematic reviews; identification code CRD42023436757). A literature search was conducted for each test separately along with a third search for their combination. A total of 18 articles were found and divided into three groups for separate analysis and comparison. All selected studies were evaluated using STROBE guidelines to assess the quality of reporting for observational studies. Meta-DiSc software was used to analyze the collected data. Concerning the diagnostic accuracy variables for each case, the pooled sensitivity (SEN) was higher for the combination of PTB and plain X-ray [0.94 (PTB + X-ray) vs. 0.91 (PTB) vs. 0.76 (X-ray)], as was the diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) (82.212 (PTB + X-ray) vs. 57.444 (PTB) vs. 4.897 (X-ray)). The specificity (SPE) and positive likelihood ratio (LR+) were equally satisfactory for the diagnostic combination but somewhat lower than for PTB alone (SPE: 0.83 (PTB + X-ray) vs. 0.86 (PTB) vs. 0.76 (X-ray); LR+: 5.684 (PTB + X-ray) vs. 6.344 (PTB) vs. 1.969 (X-ray)). The combination of PTB and plain X-ray showed high diagnostic accuracy comparable to that of MRI and histopathology diagnosis (the gold standard), so it could be considered useful for the diagnosis of DFO. In addition, this diagnostic combination is accessible and inexpensive but requires training and experience to correctly interpret the results. Therefore, recommendations for this technique should be included in the context of specialized units with a high prevalence of DFO.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Francisco Javier Álvaro-Afonso
- Diabetic Foot Unit, Clínica Universitaria de Podología, Facultad de Enfermería, Fisioterapia and Podología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.d.M.C.-W.); (M.L.-M.); (Y.G.-Á.); (E.G.-M.); (J.L.L.-M.)
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Xu J, Li S, Sun Y, Bao B, Zhu T, Kang Q, Zheng X, Wen G. Triplanar osteotomy combined with proximal tibial transverse transport to accelerate healing of recalcitrant diabetic foot ulcers. J Orthop Surg Res 2022; 17:528. [PMID: 36482382 PMCID: PMC9733084 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-022-03410-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Management of recalcitrant diabetic foot ulcers remains challenging. Tibial transverse transport (TTT) is an effective method for enhancing the healing of foot ulcers. This retrospective study reports a novel triplanar osteotomy in the tibia and assesses the clinical outcomes of TTT for diabetic foot ulcers. METHODS Fifty-nine patients with recalcitrant diabetic foot ulcers were divided into the TTT (32 patients) and control (27 patients) groups. In the TTT group, the patients underwent triplanar osteotomy of the proximal tibia, followed by 2 weeks of medial distraction and 2 weeks of lateral distraction. In the control group, the patients received conventional management, including debridement, revascularization, and reconstruction. Ulcer healing and healing time, amputation, recurrence, and complications were assessed at an 18-month follow-up visit. Computed tomography angiography (CTA) was used to evaluate vessel changes in the lower limbs of patients in the TTT group. RESULTS The TTT group was superior to the control group in the healing rate (90.6% [29/32] vs. 66.7% [18/27]) and the healing time (4.6 ± 1.7 months vs. 7.4 ± 2.5 months), respectively. The proportions of amputation and recurrence in the TTT group were lower than that in the control group, without statistical difference. After triplanar osteotomy and transverse distraction, CTA demonstrated an increase in small vessels in the wound and ipsilateral limb. All patients achieved satisfactory union of the osteotomized bone fragment after removal of the external fixator. CONCLUSIONS Triplanar osteotomy combined with proximal tibial transverse distraction accelerates wound healing and limb salvage caused by severe and recalcitrant diabetic foot ulcers. Triplanar osteotomy not only increases the bone contact area, which is beneficial for rapid bone reconstruction, but also preserves the vascularization of the bone fragment and substantially facilitates capillary angiogenesis during distraction. These results suggest that triplanar osteotomy followed by tibial transverse distraction is an effective method for treating diabetic foot ulcers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Xu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Shanyu Li
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Yunchu Sun
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Bingbo Bao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Tianhao Zhu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Qinglin Kang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Xianyou Zheng
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200233, China.
| | - Gen Wen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200233, China.
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Singh D, Kaur P, Attri S, Singh S, Sharma P, Mohana P, Kaur K, Kaur H, Singh G, Rashid F, Singh D, Kumar A, Rajput A, Bedi N, Singh B, Buttar HS, Arora S. Recent Advances in the Local Drug Delivery Systems for Improvement of Anticancer Therapy. Curr Drug Deliv 2021; 19:560 - 586. [PMID: 34906056 DOI: 10.2174/1567201818666211214112710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The conventional anticancer chemotherapies not only cause serious toxic effects, but also produce resistance in tumor cells exposed to long-term therapy. Usually, the killing of metastasized cancer cells requires long-term therapy with higher drug doses, because the cancer cells develop resistance due to the induction of poly-glycoproteins (P-gps) that act as a transmembrane efflux pump to transport drugs out of the cells. During the last few decades, scientists have been exploring new anticancer drug delivery systems such as microencapsulation, hydrogels, and nanotubes to improve bioavailability, reduce drug-dose requirement, decrease multiple drug resistance, and to save normal cells as non-specific targets. Hopefully, the development of novel drug delivery vehicles (nanotubes, liposomes, supramolecules, hydrogels, and micelles) will assist to deliver drug molecules at the specific target site and reduce the undesirable side effects of anticancer therapies in humans. Nanoparticles and lipid formulations are also designed to deliver small drug payload at the desired tumor cell sites for their anticancer actions. This review will focus on the recent advances in the drug delivery systems, and their application in treating different cancer types in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davinder Singh
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar. India
| | - Prabhjot Kaur
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar. India
| | - Shivani Attri
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar. India
| | - Sharabjit Singh
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar. India
| | - Palvi Sharma
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar. India
| | - Pallavi Mohana
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar. India
| | - Kirandeep Kaur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar. India
| | - Harneetpal Kaur
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar. India
| | - Gurdeep Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar. India
| | - Farhana Rashid
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar. India
| | - Dilpreet Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga. India
| | - Avinash Kumar
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar. 0
| | - Ankita Rajput
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar. 0
| | - Neena Bedi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar. 0
| | - Balbir Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar. 0
| | - Harpal Singh Buttar
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Ottawa, Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa, Ontario. Canada
| | - Saroj Arora
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar. India
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Nie X, Kuang X, Liu G, Zhong Z, Ding Y, Yu J, Liu J, Li S, He L, Su H, Qin W, Zhao J, Hua Q, Chen Y. Tibial cortex transverse transport facilitating healing in patients with recalcitrant non-diabetic leg ulcers. J Orthop Translat 2021; 27:1-7. [PMID: 33344165 PMCID: PMC7726482 DOI: 10.1016/j.jot.2020.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The treatment of recalcitrant not-diabetic leg ulcers remains challenging. Distraction osteogenesis is accompanying by angiogenesis and neovascularization in the surrounding tissues. We previously applied tibial cortex transverse transport (TTT) to patients with recalcitrant diabetic foot ulcers and found neovascularization and increased perfusion in the foot and consequently enhanced healing and limb salvage and reduced recurrence. However, the effects of TTT on recalcitrant non-diabetic leg ulcer remains largely unknown. METHODS Consecutive patients (n = 85) with recalcitrant non-diabetic leg ulcers (University of Texas Grade 2-B to 3-D, ie, wound penetrating to the tendon, capsule, bone, or joint with infection and/or ischemia) were recruited and divided into TTT (n = 42) and control (n = 43) groups based on the treatment they received. There were 36 (85.7%) arterial ulcers, 4 (9.5%) venous ulcers and 2 (4.8%) mixed ulcers in the TTT group and 32 (74.4%) arterial ulcers, 7 (16.7%) venous ulcers and 4 (9.3%) mixed ulcers in the control group (p > 0.05). The two groups were matched on demographic and clinical characteristics. Patients in the TTT group underwent tibial corticotomy followed by 4 weeks of distraction medially then laterally, while those in the control group received conventional surgeries (debridements, revascularization, reconstruction with flaps, or skin grafts or equivalents). Ulcer healing and healing time, limb salvage, recurrence, and patient death were evaluated at a 1-year follow-up. Changes in leg small vessels were assessed in the TTT group using computed tomography angiography (CTA). RESULTS TTT group had higher healing rates at 1-year follow-up than the control group (78.6% [33/42] vs. 58.1% [25/43], OR 2.64 [95% CI 1.10 to 6.85], p = 0.04). The healing time of the TTT group was shorter than the control group (4.5 vs. 6.1 months, mean difference -1.60 [95% CI -2.93 to -0.26], p = 0.02). There were no significant differences in rates of major amputation, reulceration, or mortality between the groups (p > 0.05). TTT group displayed more small vessels 4 weeks postoperatively at the wound area, the foot, and the calf of the ipsilateral side in CTA. All patients in the TTT group achieved good union at the osteotomy site and had no skin or soft tissue necrosis or infection around the incision area. CONCLUSION The findings showed that TTT facilitated the healing of recalcitrant non-diabetic leg ulcers and reduced the healing time compared with conventional surgeries. They suggest that TTT is an effective procedure to treat recalcitrant non-diabetic foot ulcers compared with standard surgical therapy. The procedure of TTT is relatively simple. Randomized controlled trials are required to confirm these findings. THE TRANSLATIONAL POTENTIAL OF THIS ARTICLE TTT can be used as an effective treatment for recalcitrant non-diabetic leg ulcers in patients. The mechanism may be associated with the neovascularization in the ulcerated foot induced by TTT and consequently increased perfusion. Together with previous findings from recalcitrant diabetic leg ulcers, the findings suggest TTT as an effective procedure to treat recalcitrant chronic leg ulcers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Nie
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, China
| | - Xiaocong Kuang
- Department of Physiopathology, Preclinical School of Guangxi Medical University, China
| | - Guangwei Liu
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, China
| | - Zhaowei Zhong
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, China
| | - Yi Ding
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, China
| | - Jie Yu
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, China
| | - Shanlang Li
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, China
| | - Liexun He
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, China
| | - Hongjie Su
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, China
| | - Wencong Qin
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, China
| | - Jinmin Zhao
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, China
| | - Qikai Hua
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, China
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Llewellyn A, Jones-Diette J, Kraft J, Holton C, Harden M, Simmonds M. Imaging tests for the detection of osteomyelitis: a systematic review. Health Technol Assess 2020; 23:1-128. [PMID: 31670644 DOI: 10.3310/hta23610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteomyelitis is an infection of the bone. Medical imaging tests, such as radiography, ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET), are often used to diagnose osteomyelitis. OBJECTIVES To systematically review the evidence on the diagnostic accuracy, inter-rater reliability and implementation of imaging tests to diagnose osteomyelitis. DATA SOURCES We conducted a systematic review of imaging tests to diagnose osteomyelitis. We searched MEDLINE and other databases from inception to July 2018. REVIEW METHODS Risk of bias was assessed with QUADAS-2 [quality assessment of diagnostic accuracy studies (version 2)]. Diagnostic accuracy was assessed using bivariate regression models. Imaging tests were compared. Subgroup analyses were performed based on the location and nature of the suspected osteomyelitis. Studies of children, inter-rater reliability and implementation outcomes were synthesised narratively. RESULTS Eighty-one studies were included (diagnostic accuracy: 77 studies; inter-rater reliability: 11 studies; implementation: one study; some studies were included in two reviews). One-quarter of diagnostic accuracy studies were rated as being at a high risk of bias. In adults, MRI had high diagnostic accuracy [95.6% sensitivity, 95% confidence interval (CI) 92.4% to 97.5%; 80.7% specificity, 95% CI 70.8% to 87.8%]. PET also had high accuracy (85.1% sensitivity, 95% CI 71.5% to 92.9%; 92.8% specificity, 95% CI 83.0% to 97.1%), as did SPECT (95.1% sensitivity, 95% CI 87.8% to 98.1%; 82.0% specificity, 95% CI 61.5% to 92.8%). There was similar diagnostic performance with MRI, PET and SPECT. Scintigraphy (83.6% sensitivity, 95% CI 71.8% to 91.1%; 70.6% specificity, 57.7% to 80.8%), computed tomography (69.7% sensitivity, 95% CI 40.1% to 88.7%; 90.2% specificity, 95% CI 57.6% to 98.4%) and radiography (70.4% sensitivity, 95% CI 61.6% to 77.8%; 81.5% specificity, 95% CI 69.6% to 89.5%) all had generally inferior diagnostic accuracy. Technetium-99m hexamethylpropyleneamine oxime white blood cell scintigraphy (87.3% sensitivity, 95% CI 75.1% to 94.0%; 94.7% specificity, 95% CI 84.9% to 98.3%) had higher diagnostic accuracy, similar to that of PET or MRI. There was no evidence that diagnostic accuracy varied by scan location or cause of osteomyelitis, although data on many scan locations were limited. Diagnostic accuracy in diabetic foot patients was similar to the overall results. Only three studies in children were identified; results were too limited to draw any conclusions. Eleven studies evaluated inter-rater reliability. MRI had acceptable inter-rater reliability. We found only one study on test implementation and no evidence on patient preferences or cost-effectiveness of imaging tests for osteomyelitis. LIMITATIONS Most studies included < 50 participants and were poorly reported. There was limited evidence for children, ultrasonography and on clinical factors other than diagnostic accuracy. CONCLUSIONS Osteomyelitis is reliably diagnosed by MRI, PET and SPECT. No clear reason to prefer one test over the other in terms of diagnostic accuracy was identified. The wider availability of MRI machines, and the fact that MRI does not expose patients to harmful ionising radiation, may mean that MRI is preferable in most cases. Diagnostic accuracy does not appear to vary with the potential cause of osteomyelitis or with the body part scanned. Considerable uncertainty remains over the diagnostic accuracy of imaging tests in children. Studies of diagnostic accuracy in children, particularly using MRI and ultrasound, are needed. STUDY REGISTRATION This study is registered as PROSPERO CRD42017068511. FUNDING This project was funded by the National Institute for Health Research Health Technology Assessment programme and will be published in full in Health Technology Assessment; Vol. 23, No. 61. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Llewellyn
- Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, University of York, York, UK
| | | | | | | | - Melissa Harden
- Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, University of York, York, UK
| | - Mark Simmonds
- Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, University of York, York, UK
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10
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Imaging for detection of osteomyelitis in people with diabetic foot ulcers: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Radiol 2020; 131:109215. [PMID: 32862106 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2020.109215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteomyelitis is an infection of the bone which can occur in people with diabetic foot ulcers. It can be diagnosed using X-rays, ultrasound, scintigraphy, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET). OBJECTIVES To review the evidence on the diagnostic accuracy of imaging tests to diagnose osteomyelitis in people with diabetic foot ulcers. METHODS We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis. MEDLINE, EMBASE and other databases were searched to July 2018. Risk of bias was evaluated. Diagnostic accuracy was estimated using bivariate meta-analyses. RESULTS Thirty-six studies were included in the meta-analysis. Eight studies were at high risk of bias MRI had high diagnostic accuracy (22 studies: 96.4 % sensitivity (95 % CI 90.7-98.7); 83.8 % specificity (76.0-89.5)). PET scans also had high accuracy (6 studies: 84.3 % sensitivity (52.8-96.3); 92.8 % specificity (75.7-98.2)), and possibly also SPECT, but with few studies (3 studies: 95.6 % sensitivity (76.0-99.3); 55.1 % specificity (19.3-86.3)). Scintigraphy (17 studies: 84.2 % sensitivity (76.8-89.6); 67.7 % specificity (56.2-77.4)), and X-rays (16 studies: 61.9 % sensitivity (50.5-72.1); 78.3 % specificity (62.9-88.5)) had generally inferior diagnostic accuracy. CONCLUSIONS MRI and PET both reliably diagnose osteomyelitis in diabetic foot ulcer patients. SPECT may also have good diagnostic accuracy, although evidence is limited. This review confirms most current guidelines, showing that MRI may be the preferable test in most cases, given its wider availability and the lack of potentially harmful ionising radiation.
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11
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Ferreira RC. Diabetic Foot. Part 1: Ulcers and Infections. Rev Bras Ortop 2020; 55:389-396. [PMID: 32968329 PMCID: PMC7494373 DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-3402462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is a systemic disease that has achieved epidemic proportions in modern society. Ulcers and infections are common complications in the feet of patients with advanced stages of the disease, and are the main cause of amputation of the lower limb. Peripheral neuropathy is the primary cause of loss of the protective sensation of the feet and frequently leads to plantar pressure ulcers and osteoarticular disruption, which in turn develops into Charcot neuropathy (CN). Common co-factors that add to the morbidity of the disease and the risk of amputation in this population are obesity, peripheral arterial disease, immune and metabolic disorders. Orthopedic surgeons must be aware that the early detection and prevention of these comorbidities, through diligent medical care and patient education, can avoid these amputations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Cardenuto Ferreira
- Grupo de Cirurgia do Pé e Tornozelo, Departamento de Ortopedia e Traumatologia da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo, Sâo Paulo SP, Brasil
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12
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Lee CS, Divi SN, Dirschl DR, Hynes KK. Financial Impact of Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Surgical Treatment of Foot and Ankle Osteomyelitis. J Foot Ankle Surg 2020; 59:69-74. [PMID: 31882152 DOI: 10.1053/j.jfas.2019.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is generally considered the most sensitive imaging for diagnosis of osteomyelitis; however, it is associated with significant cost and is at times ordered as initial screening imaging when a less resource-intensive test would suffice. The purpose of this retrospective cohort study was to examine the differences between patients with osteomyelitis of the foot and ankle, and their subsequent treatment course, who underwent MRI compared with those who did not. Financial impact of MRI as it relates to clinical decision-making was also calculated. Patients treated for a diagnosis of osteomyelitis of the foot and ankle from 2009 to 2015 were retrospectively identified. Demographics, imaging modalities, and operative procedures for each patient were collected. An "impact MRI" was defined as one that led to a subsequent operative procedure within the same admission. The impact cost of an MRI was estimated using the equation: (average MRI cost) × (total MRIs/impact MRIs). A total of 144 patients underwent 220 MRIs, and 399 patients did not have MRIs. The operative rate between the 2 groups was similar (70.8% versus 70.4%, p = .93). Multiple linear regression showed that MRI was not a significant predictor of operation (p = .50). However, we found a significant correlation between MRI use and operative intervention for patients with increased comorbidities. From 2011 to 2015, there was a significant increase in impact cost, while controlling for average MRI cost ($8172 to $15,292, p ≤ .05). Over the study period, the impact cost of an MRI significantly increased from 1.8 to 5.0 times the average cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody S Lee
- Medical Student, University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Srikanth N Divi
- Orthopaedic Resident, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rothman Institute, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Douglas R Dirschl
- Chairman, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Kelly K Hynes
- Assistant Professor, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL.
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13
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Senneville EM, Lipsky BA, van Asten SAV, Peters EJ. Diagnosing diabetic foot osteomyelitis. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2020; 36 Suppl 1:e3250. [PMID: 31950555 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.3250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Bone involvement during an infection of the diabetic foot represents a serious complication associated with a high risk of amputation, prolonged antibiotic treatment and hospitalization. Diabetic foot osteomyelitis (DFOs) require a multidisciplinary approach given the usual complexity of these situations. DFO should be suspected in most cases especially in the most severe forms of soft tissue diabetic foot infections (DFIs) where the prevalence of bone infection may be up to 60%. Suspicion is based on clinical signs in particular a positive probe-to-bone (PTB) test, elevated inflammatory biomarkers especially erythrocyte sedimentation rate and abnormal imaging assessment using plain X-ray as a first-line choice. The combination of PTB test with plain X-ray has proven effective in the diagnosis of DFO. The confirmation (definite) diagnosis of DFO is based on the results of a bone sample examination obtained by either surgical or percutaneous biopsy. Sophisticated imaging examinations such as Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and nuclear imaging techniques are useful where doubt persists after first-line imaging assessment. These techniques may also help localize the bone infection site and increase the diagnostic performance of percutaneous bone biopsy. The quality of the microbiological documentation of DFO is likely to improve the adequacy of the antimicrobial therapy especially when medical (ie, no surgical resection of the infected bone tissues) is considered. The use of new (molecular) techniques for the identification of the bone pathogens have not yet proven superiority on classic cultural techniques for the management of such patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Edgar J Peters
- VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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14
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Senneville É, Lipsky BA, Abbas ZG, Aragón-Sánchez J, Diggle M, Embil JM, Kono S, Lavery LA, Malone M, van Asten SA, Urbančič-Rovan V, Peters EJG. Diagnosis of infection in the foot in diabetes: a systematic review. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2020; 36 Suppl 1:e3281. [PMID: 32176440 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.3281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Revised: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Securing an early accurate diagnosis of diabetic foot infections and assessment of their severity are of paramount importance since these infections can cause great morbidity and potentially mortality and present formidable challenges in surgical and antimicrobial treatment. METHODS In June 2018, we searched the literature using PuEbMed and EMBASE for published studies on the diagnosis of diabetic foot infection. On the basis of predetermined criteria, we reviewed prospective controlled, as well as noncontrolled, studies in any language, seeking translations for those not in English. We then developed evidence statements on the basis of the included papers. RESULTS From the 4242 records screened, we selected 35 papers that met our inclusion criteria. The quality of all but one of the evidence statements was low because of the weak methodology of nearly all of the studies. The available data suggest that diagnosing diabetic foot infections on the basis of clinical signs and symptoms and classified according to the International Working Group of the Diabetic Foot scheme correlates with the patient's likelihood of ulcer healing, of lower extremity amputation, and risk of death. Elevated levels of selected serum inflammatory markers are supportive, but not diagnostic, of soft tissue or bone infection. In patients with suspected diabetic foot osteomyelitis, both a positive probe-to-bone test and an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate are strongly associated with its presence. Culturing tissue samples of soft tissues or bone, when care is taken to avoid contamination, provides more accurate microbiological information than culturing superficial (swab) samples. Plain X-ray remains the first-line imaging examination when there is suspicion of diabetic foot osteomyelitis, but advanced imaging methods help in cases when either the diagnosis or the localization of infection is uncertain. CONCLUSION The results of this first reported systematic review on the diagnosis of diabetic foot infections provide some guidance for clinicians, but there is a need for more prospective controlled studies of high quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Éric Senneville
- Gustave Dron Hospital, Tourcoing, France
- Lille University, France
| | | | - Zulfiqarali G Abbas
- Abbas Medical Centre, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | | | - Mathew Diggle
- Alberta Public Laboratories, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - John M Embil
- University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Shigeo Kono
- WHO-Collaborating Centre for Diabetes, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Centre, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Lawrence A Lavery
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center and Parkland Hospital, Dallas, TX
| | - Matthew Malone
- School of Medicine, Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Western Sydney University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- South West Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Suzanne A van Asten
- Faculty of Medicine, University Medical Centre, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Vilma Urbančič-Rovan
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Edgar J G Peters
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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15
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Instruments of Choice for Assessment and Monitoring Diabetic Foot: A Systematic Review. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9020602. [PMID: 32102313 PMCID: PMC7074122 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9020602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic foot is the most frequent disorder among the chronic complications of diabetes, happening in 25% of patients. Objective clinical outcome measures are tests or clinical instruments that provide objective values for result measurement. The aim of this study was to carry out a systematic review of specific objective clinical outcome measures focused on the assessment and monitoring of diabetic foot disorders. The databases used were PubMed, CINAHL, Scopus, PEDro, Cochrane, SciELO and EMBASE. Search terms used were foot, ankle, diabet*, diabetic foot, assessment, tools, instruments, objective outcome measures, valid*, reliab*. Because of the current published evidence, diabetic neuropathy assessment via sudomotor analysis, cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy and peripheral vascular disease detection by non-invasive electronic devices, wound 3D dimensional measurement, hyperspectral imaging for ulcer prediction and the probe-to-bone test for osteomyelitis diagnosis were highlighted in this study.
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Aicale R, Cipollaro L, Esposito S, Maffulli N. An evidence based narrative review on treatment of diabetic foot osteomyelitis. Surgeon 2020; 18:311-320. [PMID: 32081665 DOI: 10.1016/j.surge.2020.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The diagnosis of diabetic food infection is usually clinical, and its severity is related to location and depth of the lesion, and the presence of necrosis or gangrene. Osteomyelitis of the foot and ankle can be extremely debilitating, and, in the preantibiotic era acute staphylococcal osteomyelitis carried a mortality rate of 50%. The microbiology of diabetic foot osteomyelitis (DFO) is usually polymicrobial. Indeed, gram-negative and gram-positive bacilli can be identified using molecular techniques applied to bone biopsies compared to conventional techniques. The aim of the present study is to report a complete overview regarding medical and surgical management of diabetic foot osteomyelitis (DFO) in combination or alone. MATERIALS AND METHODS We performed a search in PubMed and Scopus electronic databases (up to January 2019) of articles assessing the epidemiology, diagnostic strategy and pharmacological treatment of diabetic foot infection. In the search strategy, we used various combinations of the following key terms: infection, orthopaedic, diabetic foot, management, DFO. RESULTS This article discusses the definition, epidemiology, microbiological assessment, clinical evaluation, pharmacological and surgical management and a comparison between them, of DFO. After the initial literature search and removal of duplicate records, a total of 756 potentially relevant citations were identified. After a further screening and according to the inclusion criteria, a total of 65 articles were included in the present review. CONCLUSION The association of antibiotic and surgical therapy seems to be more effective compared to each one alone. The lack of comparison studies and randomized controlled trials makes it difficult to give information about the efficacy of the different management therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocco Aicale
- Department of Musculoskeletal Disorders, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, 84084 Baronissi, Italy; Clinica Ortopedica, Ospedale San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi D'Aragona, 84131, Salerno, Italy.
| | - Lucio Cipollaro
- Department of Musculoskeletal Disorders, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, 84084 Baronissi, Italy; Clinica Ortopedica, Ospedale San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi D'Aragona, 84131, Salerno, Italy.
| | - Silvano Esposito
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy.
| | - Nicola Maffulli
- Department of Musculoskeletal Disorders, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, 84084 Baronissi, Italy; Clinica Ortopedica, Ospedale San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi D'Aragona, 84131, Salerno, Italy; Queen Mary University of London, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Centre for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Mile End Hospital, 275 Bancroft Road, London, E1 4DG, UK; Keele University, School of Medicine, Institute of Science and Technology in Medicine, Guy Hilton Research Centre, Thornburrow Drive, Hartshill, Stoke-on-Trent, ST4 7QB, UK.
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Leone A, Vitiello C, Gullì C, Sikora AK, Macagnino S, Colosimo C. Bone and soft tissue infections in patients with diabetic foot. Radiol Med 2019; 125:177-187. [DOI: 10.1007/s11547-019-01096-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Heidari N, Oh I, Li Y, Vris A, Kwok I, Charalambous A, Rogero R. What Is the Best Method to Differentiate Acute Charcot Foot From Acute Infection? Foot Ankle Int 2019; 40:39S-42S. [PMID: 31322932 DOI: 10.1177/1071100719859892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
RECOMMENDATION Differentiation between acute Charcot neuroarthropathy (CN) and acute infection/osteomyelitis is complex and requires multiple (>1) diagnostic criteria. These criteria include an emphasis on the presence of neuropathy, history, and physical examination. The absence of skin wounds and resolution of swelling/erythema with elevation makes the likelihood of infection very low. In unclear cases, laboratory testing, histologic examination and culturing of bone specimens, scintigraphy, and imaging, especially magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), may be of benefit. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Moderate. DELEGATE VOTE Agree: 100%, Disagree: 0%, Abstain: 0% (Unanimous, Strongest Consensus).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nima Heidari
- 1 Department of Orthopaedics, The Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Irvin Oh
- 2 Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Yueyang Li
- 1 Department of Orthopaedics, The Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandros Vris
- 1 Department of Orthopaedics, The Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Iris Kwok
- 1 Department of Orthopaedics, The Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Charalambous
- 1 Department of Orthopaedics, The Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ryan Rogero
- 3 Rothman Orthopaedic Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- 4 Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Schmidt BM, McHugh JB, Patel RM, Wrobel JS. Prospective Analysis of Surgical Bone Margins After Partial Foot Amputation in Diabetic Patients Admitted With Moderate to Severe Foot Infections. Foot Ankle Spec 2019; 12:131-137. [PMID: 29644884 PMCID: PMC7185086 DOI: 10.1177/1938640018770285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteomyelitis is common in diabetic foot infections and medical management can lead to poor outcomes. Surgical management involves sending histopathologic and microbiologic specimens which guides future intervention. We examined the effect of obtainment of surgical margins in patients undergoing forefoot amputations to identify patient characteristics associated with outcomes. Secondary aims included evaluating interobserver reliability of histopathologic data at both the distal-to and proximal-to surgical bone margin. METHODS Data were prospectively collected on 72 individuals and was pooled for analysis. Standardized method to retrieve intraoperative bone margins was established. A univariate analysis was performed. Negative outcomes, including major lower extremity amputation, wound dehiscence, reulceration, reamputation, or death were recorded. RESULTS Viable proximal margins were obtained in 63 out of 72 cases (87.5%). Strong interobserver reliability of histopathology was recorded. Univariate analysis demonstrated preoperative platelets, albumin, probe-to-bone testing, absolute toe pressures, smaller wound surface area were associated with obtaining viable margins. Residual osteomyelitis resulted in readmission 2.6 times more often and more postoperative complications. CONCLUSIONS Certain patients were significantly different in the viable margin group versus dirty margin group. High interobserver reliability was demonstrated. Obtainment of viable margins resulted in reduced rates of readmission and negative outcomes. LEVELS OF EVIDENCE Prognostic, Level I: Prospective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M. Schmidt
- Division of Metabolism, Endrocrinology, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine
| | | | - Rajiv M. Patel
- Department of Pathology, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - James S. Wrobel
- Division of Metabolism, Endrocrinology, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine
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20
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Meyr AJ, Seo K, Khurana JS, Choksi R, Chakraborty B. Level of Agreement With a Multi-Test Approach to the Diagnosis of Diabetic Foot Osteomyelitis. J Foot Ankle Surg 2019; 57:1137-1139. [PMID: 30181032 DOI: 10.1053/j.jfas.2018.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Although bone biopsy has historically been considered the "gold standard" or "standard reference" for the diagnosis of diabetic foot osteomyelitis, some contemporary investigations have provided evidence against this as a single diagnostic test and in support of a combination of clinical, laboratory, and radiographic findings. The objective of this investigation was to measure the level of agreement between several commonly used forms of diagnostic testing for diabetic foot osteomyelitis. A retrospective chart review was performed of 50 consecutive patients admitted to a single tertiary healthcare center with the documented performance of 1) a clinical probe-to-bone test on hospital admission; 2) plain film radiographs prior to any surgical intervention; 3) magnetic resonance imaging prior to any surgical intervention; and an intraoperative excisional bone debridement performed, with samples sent for both 4) histologic analysis and 5) microbiologic analysis. A frequency count of agreement among these 5 tests was performed, and the interobserver (or inter-test) agreement was measured using the kappa statistic. We observed low levels of inter-test agreement between the 5 diagnostic tests (range 42.0%-62.0%), and levels of chance-corrected agreement were well below what would be considered appropriate for a "gold standard" or "standard reference." Levels of the kappa statistic ranged from 0.0 to 0.220, with most inter-test comparisons falling in the "poor agreement" and "slight agreement" interpretation ranges. The highest level of agreement occurred between the plain film radiographs and magnetic resonance imaging (62.0% agreement and kappa statistic of 0.220). Although it is likely that a combination of clinical, radiographic, and laboratory tests provides the best diagnostic approach for diabetic foot osteomyelitis, the data provided herein indicate that the tests themselves might have high intrinsic levels of unreliability and that the specific combination of tests that might be best used remains unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Meyr
- Clinical Associate Professor, Department of Surgery, Temple University School of Podiatric Medicine, Philadelphia, PA.
| | - Kyung Seo
- Resident, Temple University Hospital Podiatric Surgical Residency Program, Temple University Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jasvir S Khurana
- Associate Professor, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Rachana Choksi
- Resident, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Baidarbhi Chakraborty
- Resident, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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21
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Álvaro-Afonso FJ, Lázaro-Martínez JL, García-Morales E, García-Álvarez Y, Sanz-Corbalán I, Molines-Barroso RJ. Cortical disruption is the most reliable and accurate plain radiographic sign in the diagnosis of diabetic foot osteomyelitis. Diabet Med 2019; 36:258-259. [PMID: 30246491 DOI: 10.1111/dme.13824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- F J Álvaro-Afonso
- Diabetic Foot Unit, Complutense University of Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - J L Lázaro-Martínez
- Diabetic Foot Unit, Complutense University of Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - E García-Morales
- Diabetic Foot Unit, Complutense University of Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Y García-Álvarez
- Diabetic Foot Unit, Complutense University of Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - I Sanz-Corbalán
- Diabetic Foot Unit, Complutense University of Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - R J Molines-Barroso
- Diabetic Foot Unit, Complutense University of Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
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22
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Singer
- From Departments of Emergency Medicine and Vascular Surgery, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (A.J.S., A.T.); and the Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (R.S.K.)
| | - Apostolos Tassiopoulos
- From Departments of Emergency Medicine and Vascular Surgery, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (A.J.S., A.T.); and the Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (R.S.K.)
| | - Robert S Kirsner
- From Departments of Emergency Medicine and Vascular Surgery, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (A.J.S., A.T.); and the Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (R.S.K.)
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Giurato L, Meloni M, Izzo V, Uccioli L. Osteomyelitis in diabetic foot: A comprehensive overview. World J Diabetes 2017; 8:135-142. [PMID: 28465790 PMCID: PMC5394733 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v8.i4.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Foot infection is a well recognized risk factor for major amputation in diabetic patients. The osteomyelitis is one of the most common expression of diabetic foot infection, being present approximately in present in 10%-15% of moderate and in 50% of severe infectious process. An early and accurate diagnosis is required to ensure a targeted treatment and reduce the risk of major amputation. The aim of this review is to report a complete overview about the management of diabetic foot osteomyelitis. Epidemiology, clinical aspects, diagnosis and treatment are widely described according to scientific reccomendations and our experience.
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24
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Diagnostic and therapeutic update on diabetic foot osteomyelitis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 64:100-108. [PMID: 28440774 DOI: 10.1016/j.endinu.2016.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic foot osteomyelitis (DFO) is the most common infection associated to diabetic foot ulcers (DFU). This review is designed to provide an update on the diagnosis and treatment of DFO based on an analysis of MEDLINE through PubMed using as search criterion "Diabetic Foot Osteomyelitis". Authors have included in this review the most relevant manuscripts regarding diagnosis and treatment of DFO. After review and critical analysis of publications, it may be concluded that diagnosis of DFO is not simple because of its heterogeneous presentation. Clinical inflammatory signs, probe-to-bone test, and plain X-rays are postulated as the basic tests for clinical diagnosis when DFO is suspected. Diagnosis should be supported by laboratory tests, of which ESR (>70mm/h) has been shown to be most precise. MRI is the most accurate imaging test, especially for differential diagnosis with Charcot foot. Pathogen isolation by bone culture is essential when the patient is treated with ATB only. Medical or surgical treatment should be based on the clinical characteristics of the patient and the lesion. Surgery should always be an option if medical treatment fails.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Peterson
- 1 Trauma & Orthopaedics, Wirral University Teaching Hospital, Upton, Wirral, United Kingdom
| | - James Widnall
- 1 Trauma & Orthopaedics, Wirral University Teaching Hospital, Upton, Wirral, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Evans
- 2 Radiology, Wirral University Teaching Hospital, Upton, Wirral, United Kingdom
| | - Gillian Jackson
- 1 Trauma & Orthopaedics, Wirral University Teaching Hospital, Upton, Wirral, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Platt
- 1 Trauma & Orthopaedics, Wirral University Teaching Hospital, Upton, Wirral, United Kingdom
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26
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Maffulli N, Papalia R, Zampogna B, Torre G, Albo E, Denaro V. The management of osteomyelitis in the adult. Surgeon 2016; 14:345-360. [DOI: 10.1016/j.surge.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 12/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Robineau O, Nguyen S, Senneville E. Optimising the quality and outcomes of treatments for diabetic foot infections. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2016; 14:817-27. [PMID: 27448992 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2016.1214072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Infection is the commonest foot complication that arises in people with diabetes and may lead to amputation and even death. The emergence of multidrug resistant bacteria, especially in Gram negative rods, may have a negative impact on the chances of cure in these patients. AREAS COVERED We searched the Medline and Pubmed databases for studies using the keywords 'diabetic foot infection' and 'diabetic foot osteomyelits' from 1980 to 2016. Expert commentary: Much has been done in the field of diabetic foot infection regarding pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment. The construction of multidisciplinary teams is probably the most efficient way to improve the patients' outcome. The rational use of antibiotics and surgical skills are essential in these potentially severe infections. Each case of diabetic infection deserves to be discussed in the light of the current guidelines and the local resources. Because of the overal poor outcome of these infections, prevention remains a priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Robineau
- a University Department of Infectious Diseases , Faculty of Medicine of Lille University II, Gustave Dron Hospital , Tourcoing , France
| | - S Nguyen
- a University Department of Infectious Diseases , Faculty of Medicine of Lille University II, Gustave Dron Hospital , Tourcoing , France
| | - E Senneville
- a University Department of Infectious Diseases , Faculty of Medicine of Lille University II, Gustave Dron Hospital , Tourcoing , France
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Senneville E. Editorial Commentary: Probe-to-Bone Test for Detecting Diabetic Foot Osteomyelitis: Rapid, Safe, and Accurate—but for Which Patients? Clin Infect Dis 2016; 63:949-50. [DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciw450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Lam K, van Asten SAV, Nguyen T, La Fontaine J, Lavery LA. Diagnostic Accuracy of Probe to Bone to Detect Osteomyelitis in the Diabetic Foot: A Systematic Review. Clin Infect Dis 2016; 63:944-8. [DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciw445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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30
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Leone A, Cassar-Pullicino VN, Semprini A, Tonetti L, Magarelli N, Colosimo C. Neuropathic osteoarthropathy with and without superimposed osteomyelitis in patients with a diabetic foot. Skeletal Radiol 2016; 45:735-54. [PMID: 26883537 DOI: 10.1007/s00256-016-2339-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2015] [Revised: 01/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Soft tissue and bone infection involving the foot is one of the most common long-term complications of diabetes mellitus, implying a serious impairment in quality of life for patients in the advanced stages of the disease. Neuropathic osteoarthropathy often coexists and differentiating between these two entities is commonly challenging, but crucial, as the management may differ substantially. The importance of correct diagnosis cannot be understated and effective management requires a multidisciplinary approach owing to the complicated nature of therapy in such patients. A missed diagnosis has a high likelihood of major morbidity for the patient, including limb amputation, and over-diagnosis results in a great socioeconomic challenge for healthcare systems, the over-utilization of healthcare resources, and the unwise use of antibiotics. Diagnosis is largely based on clinical signs supplemented by various imaging modalities such as radiography, MR imaging, and hybrid imaging techniques such as F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography. In the interests of the management of diabetic foot complications, this review article is aimed on the one hand at providing radiologists with important clinical knowledge, and on the other hand to equip clinicians with relevant radiological semiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Leone
- Institute of Radiology, School of Medicine, Catholic University, Largo A. Gemelli 1, 00168, Rome, Italy.
| | - Victor N Cassar-Pullicino
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, The Robert Jones and Agnes Hunt Orthopaedic and District Hospital, Oswestry, Shropshire, UK
| | - Alessia Semprini
- Institute of Radiology, School of Medicine, Catholic University, Largo A. Gemelli 1, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Tonetti
- Institute of Radiology, School of Medicine, Catholic University, Largo A. Gemelli 1, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola Magarelli
- Institute of Radiology, School of Medicine, Catholic University, Largo A. Gemelli 1, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Cesare Colosimo
- Institute of Radiology, School of Medicine, Catholic University, Largo A. Gemelli 1, 00168, Rome, Italy
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Haji Zaine N, Hitos K, Vicaretti M, Fletcher JP, Begg L, Burns J. Characteristics of non-diabetic foot ulcers in Western Sydney, Australia. J Foot Ankle Res 2016; 9:6. [PMID: 26870158 PMCID: PMC4750249 DOI: 10.1186/s13047-016-0137-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are few studies investigating the characteristics, risk factors and socioeconomic status of patients with non-diabetic foot ulcers. The aim of this study was to explore the characteristics of non-diabetic foot ulcers in a large tertiary referral outpatient hospital setting in Western Sydney, Australia. METHODS From 2011 to 2013, data from 202 patients with non-diabetic foot ulcers during their initial visit were retrospectively extracted for analysis from Westmead Hospital's Foot Wound Clinic Registry. Data including demographics, socioeconomic status and foot ulcer characteristics were recorded on a standardised data collection form. RESULTS Demographics and physical characteristics were: 54 % male, median age 78 years [interquartile range (IQR): 64-87], median body mass index (BMI) of 23.8 kg/m(2) (IQR: 20-26.9), 35 % had loss of protective sensation and the median postcode score for socioeconomic status was 996 (IQR: 935-1034). Foot ulcer characteristics were: median cross-sectional area of 1.2 cm(2) (IQR: 0.3-5.0), 30.5 % plantar and 27 % dorsal, 22.1 % University of Texas (UT) Wound Classification for Diabetic Foot Ulcers Grade of 1C-3C (with ischaemia). CONCLUSIONS Unlike diabetic foot ulcers, non-diabetic foot ulcers largely affected older males and females. In accordance with diabetic foot ulcer characteristics, socioeconomic status was not related to non-diabetic foot ulcers in Western Sydney. Based on the findings of this study the epidemiological pattern of non-diabetic foot ulceration and its pathogenesis requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norafizah Haji Zaine
- Arthritis and Musculoskeletal Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW Australia ; Foot Wound Clinic, Department of Surgery, The University of Sydney, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW Australia ; Podiatry Unit, Raja Isteri Pengiran Anak Saleha Hospital, Bandar Seri Begawan, BA1710 Brunei Darussalam
| | - Kerry Hitos
- Foot Wound Clinic, Department of Surgery, The University of Sydney, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW Australia ; Westmead Research Centre for the Evaluation of Surgical Outcomes, Department of Surgery, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW Australia
| | - Mauro Vicaretti
- Foot Wound Clinic, Department of Surgery, The University of Sydney, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW Australia ; Westmead Research Centre for the Evaluation of Surgical Outcomes, Department of Surgery, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW Australia
| | - John P Fletcher
- Foot Wound Clinic, Department of Surgery, The University of Sydney, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW Australia ; Westmead Research Centre for the Evaluation of Surgical Outcomes, Department of Surgery, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW Australia
| | - Lindy Begg
- Foot Wound Clinic, Department of Surgery, The University of Sydney, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW Australia
| | - Joshua Burns
- Arthritis and Musculoskeletal Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW Australia ; Foot Wound Clinic, Department of Surgery, The University of Sydney, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW Australia
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Peters EJ. Pitfalls in diagnosing diabetic foot infections. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2016; 32 Suppl 1:254-60. [PMID: 26813617 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.2736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Although the diagnosis of a diabetic foot infection is made based on clinical symptoms and signs, we also use blood laboratory, microbiological and radiological studies to make treatment decisions. All of these diagnostic studies have pitfalls that can lead to a delay in diagnosis. Such delays will likely lead to further tissue damage and to a higher chance of amputation. One of these pitfalls is that some clinicians rely on microbiological, rather than clinical data, to diagnose infection. Though subjective by nature, clinical signs predict outcome of foot infections accurately. Another pitfall is that microbiological data can be misleading. All wounds harbour microorganisms; therefore, a positive wound culture does not mean that a wound is infected. Furthermore, the outcome of cultures of wound swabs does not correlate well with culture results of tissue biopsies. Therapy guidance by wound swab will likely lead to overtreatment of non-pathogenic organisms. Genotyping might have a role in identifying previously unrecognized (combinations of) pathogens in diabetic foot infection, bacteria in sessile phenotype and non-culturable pathogens, e.g. in cases where antibiotics have already been administered. One more pitfall is that the diagnosis of osteomyelitis remains difficult. Although the result of percutaneous bone biopsy is the reference standard for osteomyelitis, some other diagnostic modalities can aid in the diagnosis. A combination of several of these diagnostic tests is probably a good strategy to achieve a higher diagnostic accuracy. Relying on a single test will likely lead to misidentification of patients with osteomyelitis with associated overtreatment and undertreatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar J Peters
- Department of Internal Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Lipsky BA, Aragón-Sánchez J, Diggle M, Embil J, Kono S, Lavery L, Senneville É, Urbančič-Rovan V, Van Asten S, Peters EJG. IWGDF guidance on the diagnosis and management of foot infections in persons with diabetes. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2016; 32 Suppl 1:45-74. [PMID: 26386266 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.2699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 349] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A Lipsky
- Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
- University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Mathew Diggle
- Nottingham University Hospitals Trust, Nottingham, UK
| | - John Embil
- University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Shigeo Kono
- WHO-collaborating Centre for Diabetes, National Hospital Organization, Kyoto Medical Center, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Lawrence Lavery
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center and Parkland Hospital, Dallas, TX, USA
| | | | | | - Suzanne Van Asten
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center and Parkland Hospital, Dallas, TX, USA
- VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Zeun P, Gooday C, Nunney I, Dhatariya K. Predictors of Outcomes in Diabetic Foot Osteomyelitis Treated Initially With Conservative (Nonsurgical) Medical Management. INT J LOW EXTR WOUND 2015; 15:19-25. [DOI: 10.1177/1534734615596892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The optimal way to manage diabetic foot osteomyelitis remains uncertain, with debate in the literature as to whether it should be managed conservatively (ie, nonsurgically) or surgically. We aimed to identify clinical variables that influence outcomes of nonsurgical management in diabetic foot osteomyelitis. We conducted a retrospective study of consecutive patients with diabetes presenting to a tertiary center between 2007 and 2011 with foot osteomyelitis initially treated with nonsurgical management. Remission was defined as wound healing with no clinical or radiological signs of osteomyelitis at the initial or contiguous sites 12 months after clinical and/or radiological resolution. Nine demographic and clinical variables including osteomyelitis site and presence of foot pulses were analyzed. We identified 100 cases, of which 85 fulfilled the criteria for analysis. After a 12-month follow-up period, 54 (63.5%) had achieved remission with nonsurgical management alone with a median (interquartile range) duration of antibiotic treatment of 10.8 (10.1) weeks. Of these, 14 (26%) were admitted for intravenous antibiotics. The absence of pedal pulses in the affected foot (n = 34) was associated with a significantly longer duration of antibiotic therapy to achieve remission, 8.7 (7.1) versus 15.9 (13.3) weeks ( P = .003). Osteomyelitis affecting the metatarsal was more likely to be amputated than other sites of the foot ( P = .016). In line with previous data, we have shown that almost two thirds of patients presenting with osteomyelitis healed without undergoing surgical bone resection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Zeun
- Norfolk and Norwich University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich, UK
| | - Catherine Gooday
- Norfolk and Norwich University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich, UK
| | | | - Ketan Dhatariya
- Norfolk and Norwich University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich, UK
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Haji Zaine N, Burns J, Vicaretti M, Fletcher JP, Begg L, Hitos K. Characteristics of diabetic foot ulcers in Western Sydney, Australia. J Foot Ankle Res 2014; 7:39. [PMID: 25279002 PMCID: PMC4182857 DOI: 10.1186/s13047-014-0039-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Australia is ranked ninth of 39 countries in the Western Pacific region most affected by diabetes. Patients with diabetes are at high risk of developing foot ulcerations that can develop into non-healing wounds. Recent studies suggest that the lifetime risk of developing a diabetic foot ulcer is as high as 25%. Few studies have reported the prevalence of, risk factors and socioeconomic status associated with, diabetic foot ulcers in Australia. The aim of this study was to evaluate the characteristics of diabetic foot ulcers in a tertiary referral outpatient hospital setting in Western Sydney, Australia. METHODS From January-December 2011, a total of 195 outpatients with diabetes were retrospectively extracted for analysis from the Westmead Hospital's Foot Wound Clinic Registry. Data on demographics, socioeconomic status, co-morbidities, foot ulcer characteristics and treatment were recorded on a standardised form. RESULTS Demographics and physical characteristics were: 66.2% male, median age 67 years (IQR: 56-76), median body mass index (BMI) of 28 kg/m(2) (IQR: 25.2-34.1), 75.4% had peripheral neuropathy and the median postcode score for socioeconomic status was 996 (IQR: 897-1022). Diabetic foot ulcer characteristics were: median cross sectional area of 1.5 cm(2) (IQR: 0.5-7.0), median volume of 0.4 cm(3) (IQR: 0.11-3.0), 45.1% on the plantar aspect of the foot, 16.6% UT Wound Grade of 0C to 3C (with ischaemia) and 11.8% with a Grade 0D to 3D (with infection and ischaemia) and 25.6% with osteomyelitis. Five patients required an amputation: 1 major and 4 minor amputations. CONCLUSIONS In accordance with other international studies, foot ulcers are more likely to present on the plantar surface of the foot and largely affect overweight older males with a long standing history diabetes in our outpatient hospital in Western Sydney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norafizah Haji Zaine
- />Arthritis and Musculoskeletal Research Group, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW Australia
- />Foot Wound Clinic, Department of Surgery, The University of Sydney, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW Australia
| | - Joshua Burns
- />Arthritis and Musculoskeletal Research Group, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW Australia
- />Foot Wound Clinic, Department of Surgery, The University of Sydney, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW Australia
| | - Mauro Vicaretti
- />Foot Wound Clinic, Department of Surgery, The University of Sydney, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW Australia
- />Westmead Research Centre for the Evaluation of Surgical Outcomes, Department of Surgery, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW Australia
| | - John P Fletcher
- />Foot Wound Clinic, Department of Surgery, The University of Sydney, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW Australia
- />Westmead Research Centre for the Evaluation of Surgical Outcomes, Department of Surgery, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW Australia
| | - Lindy Begg
- />Foot Wound Clinic, Department of Surgery, The University of Sydney, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW Australia
| | - Kerry Hitos
- />Foot Wound Clinic, Department of Surgery, The University of Sydney, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW Australia
- />Westmead Research Centre for the Evaluation of Surgical Outcomes, Department of Surgery, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW Australia
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Zaiton F, Samir AM, Elkamash TH, Tawfik AM, Hadhoud KM. Evaluation of diabetic foot osteomyelitis using probe to bone test and magnetic resonance imaging and their impact on surgical intervention. THE EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrnm.2014.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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Malhotra R, Chan CSY, Nather A. Osteomyelitis in the diabetic foot. Diabet Foot Ankle 2014; 5:24445. [PMID: 25147627 PMCID: PMC4119293 DOI: 10.3402/dfa.v5.24445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Revised: 06/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Osteomyelitis (OM) is a common complication of diabetic foot ulcers and/or diabetic foot infections. This review article discusses the clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of OM in the diabetic foot. Clinical features that point to the possibility of OM include the presence of exposed bone in the depth of a diabetic foot ulcer. Medical imaging studies include plain radiographs, magnetic resonance imaging, and bone scintigraphy. A high index of suspicion is also required to make the diagnosis of OM in the diabetic foot combined with clinical and radiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishi Malhotra
- Department of Orthopaedics Surgery, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Claire Shu-Yi Chan
- Department of Orthopaedics Surgery, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Aziz Nather
- Department of Orthopaedics Surgery, National University Health System, Singapore
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38
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Hadadi A, Omdeh Ghiasi H, Hajiabdolbaghi M, Zandekarimi M, Hamidian R. Diabetic foot: infections and outcomes in Iranian admitted patients. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2014; 7:e11680. [PMID: 25368803 PMCID: PMC4216583 DOI: 10.5812/jjm.11680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2013] [Revised: 11/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Diabetes mellitus (along with its complications) has become a global problem. Diabetic foot infection, among the most common complications, is responsible for 40 to 50% of foot amputations. Antibiotic-resistant microorganisms, however, have compromised empiric therapy in the infected patients. Objectives: The current study aimed to determine the most common microorganisms involved in diabetic foot infection in order to minimize the failure of antibiotic therapy and the risk of developing complications. Patients and Methods: All patients with diabetic foot infection admitted to the infectious diseases, surgery and endocrinology wards of two teaching hospitals from 2007 to 2010 (n = 196) were recruited. In this retrospective study, demographic characteristics, type of lesions, history of hospitalization/antibiotic therapy, isolated microorganisms, clinical complications, administered treatment (medical or surgical) and outcome were recorded. Results: Patients’ mean age was 60.84 (± 10.30) years. Totally, 113 (57.65%) of the patients were male and 83 (42.35%) were female. According to Wagner’s grading, deep ulcers with/without osteomyelitis accounted for the majority of lesions. A single microorganism was isolated (most common: Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella spp.) from 81 of the patients (80.20%); while for the remaining polymicrobial infection was reported. Isolated pathogens showed no significant correlation with duration of diabetes, type of the lesions (P = 0.13) and history of hospitalization (P = 0.61). The majority of patients (n = 118, 60.20%) were treated surgically; however 11 patients expired due to sepsis. Amputation (most common at toes and below the knee) was performed for 89 patients (45.40%). The response rate to medical treatment was 31.6% for single-pathogen and 10% for polymicrobial infection (with a 30% mortality rate). Conclusions: Physicians are recommended to take microbiological cultures before starting empirical therapy recommended to cover Gram-negative microorganisms in order to lower the risk of antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azar Hadadi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Research Development Center, Sina Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
- Corresponding author: Azar Hadadi, Department of Internal Medicine, Research Development Center, Sina Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Sina Hospital, Imam Khomeini St. Hasan Abad Square, Tehran, IR Iran. Tel/Fax: +98-2166348555, E-mail:
| | | | - Mahboubeh Hajiabdolbaghi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Iranian Research Center for HIV and AIDS, Emam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | | | - Reza Hamidian
- Research Development Center, Sina hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
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39
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Diabetes mellitus: musculoskeletal manifestations and perioperative considerations for the orthopaedic surgeon. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 2014; 22:183-92. [PMID: 24603828 DOI: 10.5435/jaaos-22-03-183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a disease of uncontrolled hyperglycemia. Despite a more sophisticated understanding of the pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus and despite pharmacologic advancements that enable better glycemic control, the prevalence of this disease and its devastating sequelae continue to rise. The adverse effects of diabetes on the nervous, vascular, and immune systems render the musculoskeletal system vulnerable to considerable damage. Foot involvement has traditionally been thought of as the most severe and frequently encountered orthopaedic consequence. However, the upper extremity, spine, and muscles are also commonly affected. Orthopaedic surgeons are more involved than ever in the care of patients with diabetes mellitus, and they play a vital role in the multidisciplinary approach used to treat these patients. As a result, surgeons must have a comprehensive understanding of the musculoskeletal manifestations and perioperative considerations of diabetes in order to most effectively care for patients with diabetes mellitus.
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40
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Chin JA, Sumpio BE. Diabetes mellitus and peripheral vascular disease: diagnosis and management. Clin Podiatr Med Surg 2014; 31:11-26. [PMID: 24296015 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpm.2013.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus and peripheral artery disease are prevalent diseases throughout the world and often present simultaneously in the same patient, which has direct implications for their diagnosis and management. Refinements of existing and development of new diagnostic and treatment modalities are changing the management of these diseases. This article reviews the significant pathologic basis, history, and physical examination findings with respect to each disease and their presentation together. Advantages and disadvantages of different diagnostic modalities, including noninvasive studies and imaging technologies, are discussed. General medical management principles and indications, techniques, and efficacy of surgical and endovascular interventions are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason A Chin
- Section of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, BB 204, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
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41
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Cecilia-Matilla A, Lázaro-Martínez JL, Aragón-Sánchez J, García-Morales E, García-Álvarez Y, Beneit-Montesinos JV. Histopathologic characteristics of bone infection complicating foot ulcers in diabetic patients. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 2013; 103:24-31. [PMID: 23328849 DOI: 10.7547/1030024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A universally accepted histopathologic classification of diabetic foot osteomyelitis does not currently exist. We sought to evaluate the histopathologic characteristics of bone infection found in the feet of diabetic patients and to analyze the clinical variables related to each type of bone infection. METHODS We conducted an observational prospective study of 165 diabetic patients with foot ulcers who underwent surgery for bone infection. Samples for microbiological and histopathologic analyses were collected in the operating room under sterile conditions. RESULTS We found four histopathologic types of osteomyelitis: acute osteomyelitis (n = 46; 27.9%), chronic osteomyelitis (n = 73; 44.2%), chronic acute osteomyelitis (n = 14; 8.5%), and fibrosis (n =32; 19.4%). The mean ± SD time between the initial detection of ulcer and surgery was 15.4 ± 23 weeks for acute osteomyelitis, 28.6 ± 22.4 weeks for chronic osteomyelitis, 35 ± 31.3 weeks for chronic acute osteomyelitis, and 27.5 ± 27.3 weeks for the fibrosis stage (analysis of variance: P = .03). Bacteria were isolated and identified in 40 of 46 patients (87.0%) with acute osteomyelitis, 61 of 73 (83.5%) with chronic osteomyelitis, 11 of 14 (78.6%) with chronic acute osteomyelitis, and 25 of 32 (78.1%) with fibrosis. CONCLUSIONS Histopathologic categorization of bone infections in the feet of diabetic patients should include four groups: acute, chronic, chronic acute, and fibrosis. We suggest that new studies should identify cases of fibrosis to allow comparison with the present results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Almudena Cecilia-Matilla
- Unidad de Pie Diabético, Clínica Universitaria de Podología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain.
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42
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Ertugrul BM, Lipsky BA, Savk O. Osteomyelitis or Charcot neuro-osteoarthropathy? Differentiating these disorders in diabetic patients with a foot problem. Diabet Foot Ankle 2013; 4:21855. [PMID: 24205433 PMCID: PMC3819473 DOI: 10.3402/dfa.v4i0.21855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2013] [Revised: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Both osteomyelitis and Charcot neuro-osteoarthropathy (CN) are potentially limb-threatening complications of diabetic neuropathy, but they require quite different treatments. Almost all bone infections in the diabetic foot originate from an infected foot ulcer while diabetic osteoarthropathy is a non-infectious process in which peripheral neuropathy plays the critical role. Differentiating between diabetic foot osteomyelitis and CN requires careful evaluation of the patient, including the medical history, physical examination, selected laboratory findings, and imaging studies. Based on available studies, we review the approaches to the diagnostic differentiation of osteomyelitis from CN of the foot in diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bulent M Ertugrul
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Turkey
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Malone M, Gannass A, Descallar J, Bowling FL, Dickson HG. Pedal osteomyelitis in patients with diabetes: a retrospective audit from Saudi Arabia. J Wound Care 2013; 22:318-20, 322-3. [PMID: 24049816 DOI: 10.12968/jowc.2013.22.6.318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the characteristics of patients presenting to the emergency room and the specialist diabetes foot clinic with pedal osteomyelitis (PO). METHOD A retrospective study was conducted at a regional hospital. The charts of patients with suspected PO who presented during the period 1 January to 31 December 2011 were analysed. Demographics, biochemistry and microbiological data were obtained. Bone biopsies were performed by the attending clinician either during surgical removal of infected bone, or percutaneously under guided fluoroscopy through non-infected tissue. RESULTS Sixty-six cases of osteomyelitis affecting 102 joints were noted. The study population consisted of 44 men, mean age 62.9 +/- 1.3 years, and 22 women, mean age of 57.6 +/- 10.6 years. Gram-positive bacteria were the predominating pathogens (p < 0.05). Staphylococcus aureus was cultured in 36% of all bone biopsy cases. A predictive trend in HbA1c was observed,where every increase of 1% from the recommended level of 7% was associated with a 10% increase in the likelihood of receiving surgical intervention. CONCLUSION S. aureus infection is a major cause of osteomyelitis in interphalangeal joints of the feet of diabetic patients.There is an apparent association with patients who present with diabetic foot osteomyelitis and sub-optimal glycaemic control, requiring surgical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Malone
- High Risk Foot Clinic, Liverpool Hospital, South Western Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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44
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Faglia E, Clerici G, Caminiti M, Vincenzo C, Cetta F. Heel Ulcer and Blood Flow. INT J LOW EXTR WOUND 2013; 12:226-30. [DOI: 10.1177/1534734613502043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A young female diabetic patient is reported, who presented with a double foot lesion. She presented with a first metatarsal head exposure concomitant with a heel wet gangrene. Magnetic resonance demonstrated osteomyelitis of the rear portion of the calcaneus. Transmetatarsal amputation was performed and a wide debridement was required to remove all gangrenous tissue from the heel wound. The pedal artery was palpable; the posterior tibial pulse was present, but weak.Transcutaneous oximetry (TcPO2) at the dorsum of the foot was TcPO2 = 56 mmHg despite significant oedema. Nevertheless, TcPO2 on the perilesional area of the heel ulcer (TcPO2 = 24mmHg) was suggestive for critical chronic ischemia. At angiographic examination, anterior tibial and peroneal arteries were patent, but the posterior tibial artery that showed severe stenosis then percutaneous angioplasty (PTA) was performed. Just the day after PTA, values of TcPO2 at the perilesional area of the heel ulcer increased to 41 mmHg. Heel osteomyelitis was subsequently treated by partial calcanectomy. The patient was discharged after a 21-day hospital stay. In the treatment of heel ulcers, it is clinically useful to use the angiosomic concept. The majority of the blood supply to the heel is provided by the posterior tibial artery, and only to a small extent by the posterior branch of peroneal artery. If the decrease in blood flow to this region is not detected, and direct flow based on the angiosome concept is not obtained, the healing of a heel ulcer may be delayed or impaired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezio Faglia
- IRCCS MultiMedica Hospital, Sesto San Giovanni, Milan, Italy
| | - Giacomo Clerici
- IRCCS MultiMedica Hospital, Sesto San Giovanni, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Curci Vincenzo
- IRCCS MultiMedica Hospital, Sesto San Giovanni, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Cetta
- IRCCS MultiMedica Hospital, Sesto San Giovanni, Milan, Italy
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45
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Acharya S, Soliman M, Egun A, Rajbhandari SM. Conservative management of diabetic foot osteomyelitis. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2013; 101:e18-20. [PMID: 23850116 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2013.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Revised: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In this retrospective study, 130 patients with diabetic foot osteomyelitis were analysed. 66.9% of these healed with antibiotic treatment alone and 13.9% needed amputation, of which 1.5% were major. Presence of MRSA was associated with adverse outcome (53.3% vs 21.1%, p=0.04) which was defined as death, amputation and failure to heal.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Acharya
- Department of Medicine, Lancashire Teaching Hospital, Preston Road, Chorley PR7 1PP, UK
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46
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Abstract
Foot infections are common in persons with diabetes mellitus. Most diabetic foot infections occur in a foot ulcer, which serves as a point of entry for pathogens. Unchecked, infection can spread contiguously to involve underlying tissues, including bone. A diabetic foot infection is often the pivotal event leading to lower extremity amputation, which account for about 60% of all amputations in developed countries. Given the crucial role infections play in the cascade toward amputation, all clinicians who see diabetic patients should have at least a basic understanding of how to diagnose and treat this problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar J G Peters
- Department of Internal Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Room ZH4A35, PO Box 7057, Amsterdam NL-1007MB, The Netherlands.
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47
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Frykberg RG, O'Connor RM, Tallis A, Tierney E. Limb salvage using advanced technologies: a case report. Int Wound J 2013; 12:53-8. [PMID: 23425603 DOI: 10.1111/iwj.12050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with severe acute and chronic lower extremity wounds often present a significant challenge in terms of limb salvage. In addition to control of infection, assuring adequate perfusion and providing standard wound care, advanced modalities are often required to facilitate final wound closure. We herein present a case study on a diabetic patient with gangrene and necrotising soft-tissue infection who underwent a forefoot pedal amputation to control the sepsis. Despite his non invasive vascular studies demonstrating poor healing potential at this level, he was not deemed suitable for revascularisation by our vascular surgeons and ankle-level amputation was recommended. Nonetheless, over a 5-month period using multiple advanced wound care therapies, wound closure was ultimately achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert G Frykberg
- Podiatry Department, Carl T. Hayden VA Medical Center, Phoenix VA Health Care System, Phoenix, AZ, USA
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48
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Faglia E, Clerici G, Caminiti M, Curci V, Somalvico F. Influence of osteomyelitis location in the foot of diabetic patients with transtibial amputation. Foot Ankle Int 2013; 34:222-7. [PMID: 23413061 DOI: 10.1177/1071100712467436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To evaluate the prevalence of osteomyelitis in different areas of the foot and the possible correlation between localization and outcome of major amputation. METHODS From January 2008 to December 2010, a total of 350 diabetic patients were admitted to our diabetic foot unit for the surgical treatment of osteomyelitis. Osteomyelitis was diagnosed when both the probe-to-bone maneuver and plain radiography were positive. In all of these patients, osteomyelitis was confirmed by histological examination. RESULTS Osteomyelitis was localized to the forefoot in 300 (85.7%) patients, to the midfoot in 27 (7.7%) patients, and to the hindfoot in the remaining 23 (6.75) patients. On average, foot lesions had developed 6.6 ± 5.6 months before admission to our unit. Transtibial amputation was performed in 1 (0.33%) patient with forefoot osteomyelitis, in 5 (18.5%) patients with midfoot osteomyelitis, and in 12 (52.2%) patients with osteomyelitis of the heel (χ(2) = 128.4, P < .001). Multivariate analysis showed the independent role that osteomyelitis in the heel region had in major amputation outcome (odds ratio 15.3; P < .001; confidence interval, 17.4-5336.0), dialysis treatment (odds ratio 6.3; P = .012; confidence interval, 2.5-1667.2), and leukocyte count greater than 10(3) mm(3) (odds ratio 2.25; P = .036; confidence interval, 1.1-76.6). CONCLUSIONS We found a higher rate of transtibial amputation when osteomyelitis involved the heel instead of the midfoot or forefoot in diabetic patients. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III, retrospective comparative series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezio Faglia
- 1IRCCS Casa di Cura Multimedica, Milan, Italy
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Álvaro-Afonso FJ, Lázaro-Martínez JL, Aragón-Sánchez J, García-Morales E, Cecilia-Matilla A, Beneit-Montesinos JV. Interobserver and Intraobserver Reproducibility of Plain X-Rays in the Diagnosis of Diabetic Foot Osteomyelitis. INT J LOW EXTR WOUND 2013; 12:12-5. [DOI: 10.1177/1534734612474304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to analyze the interobserver and intraobserver variability in plain radiography in the diagnosis of diabetic foot osteomyelitis. A prospective observational study was performed from October 1, 2009, to July 31, 2011, on patients with diabetic foot ulcers, with clinically suspected osteomyelitis who were admitted to the Diabetic Foot Unit of the Complutense University of Madrid. Two professional groups examined 123 plain X-rays, each group comprising 3 different levels of clinical experience. To analyze intraobserver variability, 2 months later plain X-rays were reanalyzed by one of the clinical groups. When using only plain radiography for the diagnosis of osteomyelitis in the diabetic foot, low concordance rates were observed for clinicians with a similar level of experience: experienced clinicians ( K11AB = .35, P < .001), moderately experienced clinicians ( K22AB = .39, P < .001), and inexperienced clinicians ( K33AB = .40, P < .001). Intraobserver agreement was highest in experienced clinicians ( K11A = .75, P < .001), followed by moderately experienced clinicians ( K22A = .61, P < .001) and inexperienced clinicians ( K33A = .57, P < .001). Plain radiography for the diagnosis of diabetic foot osteomyelitis is operator dependent and shows low association strength, even among experienced clinicians, when interpreted in isolation without knowing the clinical characteristics of the lesion.
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50
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Sumpio BE. Contemporary evaluation and management of the diabetic foot. SCIENTIFICA 2012; 2012:435487. [PMID: 24278695 PMCID: PMC3820495 DOI: 10.6064/2012/435487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2012] [Accepted: 09/30/2012] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Foot problems in patients with diabetes remain a major public health issue and are the commonest reason for hospitalization of patients with diabetes with prevalence as high as 25%. Ulcers are breaks in the dermal barrier with subsequent erosion of underlying subcutaneous tissue that may extend to muscle and bone, and superimposed infection is a frequent and costly complication. The pathophysiology of diabetic foot disease is multifactorial and includes neuropathy, infection, ischemia, and abnormal foot structure and biomechanics. Early recognition of the etiology of these foot lesions is essential for good functional outcome. Managing the diabetic foot is a complex clinical problem requiring a multidisciplinary collaboration of health care workers to achieve limb salvage. Adequate off-loading, frequent debridement, moist wound care, treatment of infection, and revascularization of ischemic limbs are the mainstays of therapy. Even when properly managed, some of the foot ulcers do not heal and are arrested in a state of chronic inflammation. These wounds can frequently benefit from various adjuvants, such as aggressive debridement, growth factors, bioactive skin equivalents, and negative pressure wound therapy. While these, increasingly expensive, therapies have shown promising results in clinical trials, the results have yet to be translated into widespread clinical practice leaving a huge scope for further research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bauer E. Sumpio
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
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