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1
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Song LL, Wang N, Zhang JP, Yu LP, Chen XP, Zhang B, Yang WY. Postprandial glucagon-like peptide 1 secretion is associated with urinary albumin excretion in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes patients. World J Diabetes 2023; 14:279-289. [PMID: 37035218 PMCID: PMC10075041 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v14.i3.279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microalbuminuria is an early and informative marker of diabetic nephropathy. Our study found that microalbuminuria developed in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).
AIM To investigate the association between glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and microalbuminuria in newly diagnosed T2DM patients.
METHODS In total, 760 patients were recruited for this cross-sectional study. The GLP-1 levels during a standard meal test and urinary albumin-creatinine ratio (UACR) were determined.
RESULTS Patients with microalbuminuria exhibited lower GLP-1 levels at 30 min and 120 min during a standard meal test than patients with normal albuminuria (30 min GLP-1, 16.7 ± 13.3 pmol vs 19.9 ± 15.6 pmol, P = 0.007; 120 min GLP-1, 16.0 ± 14.1 pmol vs 18.4 ± 13.8 pmol, P = 0.037). The corresponding area under the curve for active GLP-1 (AUCGLP-1) was also lower in microalbuminuria patients (2257, 1585 to 3506 vs 2896, 1763 to 4726, pmol × min, P = 0.003). Postprandial GLP-1 levels at 30 min and 120 min and AUCGLP-1 were negatively correlated with the UACR (r = 0.159, r = 0.132, r = 0.206, respectively, P < 0.001). The prevalence of microalbuminuria in patients with newly diagnosed T2DM was 21.7%, which decreased with increasing quartiles of AUCGLP-1 levels (27.4%, 25.3%, 18.9% and 15.8%). After logistic regression analysis adjusted for sex, age, hemoglobin A1c, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, estimated glomerular filtration rate, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, AUCglucose and AUCglucagon, patients in quartile 4 of the AUCGLP-1 presented a lower risk of microalbuminuria compared with the patients in quartile 1 (odds ratio = 0.547, 95% confidence interval: 0.325-0.920, P = 0.01). A consistent association was also found between 30 min GLP-1 or 120 min GLP-1 and microalbuminuria.
CONCLUSION Postprandial GLP-1 levels were independently associated with microalbuminuria in newly diagnosed Chinese T2DM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu-Lu Song
- Department of Endocrinology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Na Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jin-Ping Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Li-Ping Yu
- Department of Endocrinology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Wen-Ying Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
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Huang J, Chang R, Ma R, Zhan J, Lu X, Tian Y. Effects of structure and physical chemistry of resistant starch on short-term satiety. Food Hydrocoll 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2022.107828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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3
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Octenyl Succinic Anhydride-Modified Starch Attenuates Body Weight Gain and Changes Intestinal Environment of High-Fat Diet-Fed Mice. Foods 2022; 11:foods11192980. [PMID: 36230056 PMCID: PMC9563757 DOI: 10.3390/foods11192980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Effects of octenylsuccinate (OS) starch on body composition and intestinal environment in high-fat diet-fed mice were investigated. C57BL/6J mice were treated with a regular-fat (RF) diet, a high-fat (HF) diet, or a high-fat diet supplemented with OS starch (HFOSS). Fecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) were quantified using gas chromatography, and the fecal microbiota profile was analyzed by 16S rDNA sequencing. One-way ANOVA and metastats analysis were performed for statistical analysis. After 22 weeks of feeding, mice in the HFOSS group had significantly lower body weight, body fat, liver weight, and cumulative food intake than those in the HF group but higher than that of the RF group. Fecal total SCFA, acetic, propionic, and butyric acid concentrations were significantly higher in the HFOSS group than that in the HF and RF groups. OS starch intervention increased the relative abundance of Parabacteroides, Alistipes, and Ruminiclostridium_5 and decreased that of Tyzzerella, Oscillibacter, Desulfovibrio, and Anaerotruncus compared with the RF and HF groups. The relative abundance of Lachnospiraceae_UCG-006 in the HFOSS group was lower than that in the HF group but higher than that in the RF group. In conclusion, OS starch prevents fat accumulation in high-fat diet-fed mice and might provide potential health benefits due to its fermentability in the gut and its ability to regulate gut microbial community structure.
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4
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Smith AD, Chen C, Cheung L, Ward R, Hintze KJ, Dawson HD. Resistant Potato Starch Alters the Cecal Microbiome and Gene Expression in Mice Fed a Western Diet Based on NHANES Data. Front Nutr 2022; 9:782667. [PMID: 35392294 PMCID: PMC8983116 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.782667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies indicate that the four major types of resistant starch (RS1-4) are fermented in the cecum and colon to produce short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and can alter the microbiome and host physiology. However, nearly all these studies were conducted in rodents fed with a diet that does not approximate what is typically consumed by humans. To address this, mice were fed a Total Western Diet (TWD) based on National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data that mimics the macro and micronutrient composition of a typical American diet for 6 weeks and then supplemented with 0, 2, 5, or 10% of the RS2, resistant potato starch (RPS), for an additional 3 weeks. The cecal microbiome was analyzed by 16S sequencing. The alpha-diversity of the microbiome decreased with increasing consumption of RPS while a beta-diversity plot showed four discreet groupings based on the RPS level in the diet. The relative abundance of various genera was altered by feeding increasing levels of RPS. In particular, the genus Lachnospiraceae NK4A136 group was markedly increased. Cecal, proximal, and distal colon tissue mRNA abundance was analyzed by RNASeq. The cecal mRNA abundance principal component analysis showed clear segregation of the four dietary groups whose separation decreased in the proximal and distal colon. Differential expression of the genes was highest in the cecum, but substantially decreased in the proximal colon (PC) and distal colon (DC). Most differentially expressed genes were unique to each tissue with little overlap in between. The pattern of the observed gene expression suggests that RPS, likely through metabolic changes secondary to differences in microbial composition, appears to prime the host to respond to a range of pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, and parasites. In summary, consumption of dietary RPS led to significant changes to the microbiome and gene expression in the cecum and to a lesser extent in the proximal and distal colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen D. Smith
- Diet, Genomics, and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: Allen D. Smith
| | - Celine Chen
- Diet, Genomics, and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, United States
| | - Lumei Cheung
- Diet, Genomics, and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, United States
| | - Robert Ward
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, United States
| | - Korry J. Hintze
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, United States
| | - Harry D. Dawson
- Diet, Genomics, and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, United States
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5
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Zeng Y, Ali MK, Du J, Li X, Yang X, Yang J, Pu X, Yang L, Hong J, Mou B, Li L, Zhou Y. Resistant Starch in Rice: Its Biosynthesis and Mechanism of Action Against Diabetes-Related Diseases. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2021.2024221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yawen Zeng
- Agricultural Biotechnology Key Laboratory of Yunnan Province, Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Muhammad Kazim Ali
- Agricultural Biotechnology Key Laboratory of Yunnan Province, Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
- Karachi Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Juan Du
- Agricultural Biotechnology Key Laboratory of Yunnan Province, Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Xia Li
- Agricultural Biotechnology Key Laboratory of Yunnan Province, Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Xiaomeng Yang
- Agricultural Biotechnology Key Laboratory of Yunnan Province, Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of the Southwestern Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture, Kunming, China
| | - Jiazhen Yang
- Agricultural Biotechnology Key Laboratory of Yunnan Province, Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Xiaoying Pu
- Agricultural Biotechnology Key Laboratory of Yunnan Province, Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Li’E Yang
- Agricultural Biotechnology Key Laboratory of Yunnan Province, Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Jingan Hong
- Clinical Nutrition Department, The First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
| | - Bo Mou
- Clinical Nutrition Department, The Second People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
| | - Ling Li
- Biomedical Engineering Research Center, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Clinical Nutrition Department, The Second People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
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6
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Swallah MS, Fan H, Wang S, Yu H, Piao C. Prebiotic Impacts of Soybean Residue (Okara) on Eubiosis/Dysbiosis Condition of the Gut and the Possible Effects on Liver and Kidney Functions. Molecules 2021; 26:E326. [PMID: 33440603 PMCID: PMC7826621 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26020326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Okara is a white-yellow fibrous residue consisting of the insoluble fraction of the soybean seeds remaining after extraction of the aqueous fraction during the production of tofu and soymilk, and is generally considered a waste product. It is packed with a significant number of proteins, isoflavones, soluble and insoluble fibers, soyasaponins, and other mineral elements, which are all attributed with health merits. With the increasing production of soy beverages, huge quantities of this by-product are produced annually, which poses significant disposal problems and financial issues for producers. Extensive studies have been done on the biological activities, nutritional values, and chemical composition of okara as well as its potential utilization. Owing to its peculiar rich fiber composition and low cost of production, okara might be potentially useful in the food industry as a functional ingredient or good raw material and could be used as a dietary supplement to prevent varied ailments such as prevention of diabetes, hyperlipidemia, obesity, as well as to stimulate the growth of intestinal microbes and production of microbe-derived metabolites (xenometabolites), since gut dysbiosis (imbalanced microbiota) has been implicated in the progression of several complex diseases. This review seeks to compile scientific research on the bioactive compounds in soybean residue (okara) and discuss the possible prebiotic impact of this fiber-rich residue as a functional diet on eubiosis/dysbiosis condition of the gut, as well as the consequential influence on liver and kidney functions, to facilitate a detailed knowledge base for further exploration, implementation, and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Sharif Swallah
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (M.S.S.); (H.F.); (S.W.)
| | - Hongliang Fan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (M.S.S.); (H.F.); (S.W.)
| | - Sainan Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (M.S.S.); (H.F.); (S.W.)
| | - Hansong Yu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (M.S.S.); (H.F.); (S.W.)
- Soybean Research & Development Centre, Division of Soybean Processing, Chinese Agricultural Research System, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Chunhong Piao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (M.S.S.); (H.F.); (S.W.)
- Soybean Research & Development Centre, Division of Soybean Processing, Chinese Agricultural Research System, Changchun 130118, China
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7
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Transcriptomic and metabolomic responses in the livers of pigs to diets containing different non-starchy polysaccharides. J Funct Foods 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2019.103590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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8
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Coulon DB, Page R, Raggio AM, Guice J, Marx B, Gourineni V, Stewart ML, Keenan MJ. Novel Resistant Starch Type 4 Products of Different Starch Origins, Production Methods, and Amounts Are Not Equally Fermented when Fed to Sprague-Dawley Rats. Mol Nutr Food Res 2020; 64:e1900901. [PMID: 31789479 PMCID: PMC7092686 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201900901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE The possible mechanisms of production of four novel resistant starch type 4 (RS4) products for total cecal fermentation in an in vivo rodent model are evaluated. METHODS AND RESULTS Forty weanling rats are randomly assigned to five groups (n = 8) for a 3-week study. Starches are the RS type 4 products, as 10% of weight of RS diets (RSA-RSD), and AMIOCA starch (100% amylopectin) comprises 53.6% weight of control (CON) and 43.6% weight of RS diets. The RS products vary by percent purity and origin (potato, corn, tapioca). At euthanasia, cecal contents, serum, GI tract, and abdominal fat are collected. RSB, RSC, and RSD fed rats have greater empty cecum weights, lower cecal content pH, higher cecal content wet weight, and higher total cecal content acetate and propionate than the CON and RSA fed rats. Two other indicators of fermentation, total cecal contents butyrate and glucagon-like peptide 1, do not have significant ANOVA F values, which require more subjects for 80% power. CONCLUSION RS4 products that are produced from different starch origins with varying amounts of RS4 content and different methods of production are not uniformly fermented in an in vivo model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana B. Coulon
- School of Nutrition and Food Science or Animal Sciences, Louisiana State University AgCenter, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Ryan Page
- School of Nutrition and Food Science or Animal Sciences, Louisiana State University AgCenter, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Anne M. Raggio
- School of Nutrition and Food Science or Animal Sciences, Louisiana State University AgCenter, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | | | - Brain Marx
- Experimental Statistics, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | | | | | - Michael J. Keenan
- School of Nutrition and Food Science or Animal Sciences, Louisiana State University AgCenter, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
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9
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Zhang L, Ouyang Y, Li H, Shen L, Ni Y, Fang Q, Wu G, Qian L, Xiao Y, Zhang J, Yin P, Panagiotou G, Xu G, Ye J, Jia W. Metabolic phenotypes and the gut microbiota in response to dietary resistant starch type 2 in normal-weight subjects: a randomized crossover trial. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4736. [PMID: 30894560 PMCID: PMC6426958 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-38216-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistant starch (RS) has been reported to reduce body fat in obese mice. However, this effect has not been demonstrated in humans. In this study, we tested the effects of RS in 19 volunteers with normal body weights. A randomized, double-blinded and crossover design clinical trial was conducted. The study subjects were given either 40 g high amylose RS2 or energy-matched control starch with three identical diets per day throughout the study. The effect of RS was evaluated by monitoring body fat, glucose metabolism, gut hormones, gut microbiota, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and metabolites. The visceral and subcutaneous fat areas were significantly reduced following RS intake. Acetate and early-phase insulin, C-peptide and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) secretion were increased, and the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels were decreased after the RS intervention. Based on 16S rRNA sequencing, certain gut microbes were significantly decreased after RS supplementation, whereas the genus Ruminococcaceae_UCG-005 showed an increase in abundance. Other potential signatures of the RS intervention included Akkermansia, Ruminococcus_2, Victivallis, and Comamonas. Moreover, the baseline abundance of the genera Streptococcus, Ruminococcus_torques_group, Eubacterium_hallii_group, and Eubacterium_eligens_group was significantly associated with the hormonal and metabolic effects of RS. These observations suggest that a daily intake of 40 g of RS is effective in modulating body fat, SCFAs, early-phase insulin and GLP-1 secretion and the gut microbiota in normal-weight subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Clinical Center of Diabetes, Shanghai, 200233, China.,Department of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Yang Ouyang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Huating Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Clinical Center of Diabetes, Shanghai, 200233, China.
| | - Li Shen
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Yueqiong Ni
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Department of Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, Beutenbergstraße 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany.,Systems Biology & Bioinformatics Group, School of Biological Sciences and Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, S.A.R., China
| | - Qichen Fang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Clinical Center of Diabetes, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Guangyu Wu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Clinical Center of Diabetes, Shanghai, 200233, China.,Department of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Lingling Qian
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Clinical Center of Diabetes, Shanghai, 200233, China.,Department of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Yunfeng Xiao
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Clinical Center of Diabetes, Shanghai, 200233, China.,Department of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Peiyuan Yin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Gianni Panagiotou
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Department of Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, Beutenbergstraße 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany.,Systems Biology & Bioinformatics Group, School of Biological Sciences and Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, S.A.R., China
| | - Guowang Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China.
| | - Jianping Ye
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Clinical Center of Diabetes, Shanghai, 200233, China.,Antioxidant and Gene Regulation Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Weiping Jia
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Clinical Center of Diabetes, Shanghai, 200233, China.
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10
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Snelson M, Kellow NJ, Coughlan MT. Modulation of the Gut Microbiota by Resistant Starch as a Treatment of Chronic Kidney Diseases: Evidence of Efficacy and Mechanistic Insights. Adv Nutr 2019; 10:303-320. [PMID: 30668615 PMCID: PMC6416045 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmy068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has been associated with changes in gut microbial ecology, or "dysbiosis," which may contribute to disease progression. Recent studies have focused on dietary approaches to favorably alter the composition of the gut microbial communities as a treatment method in CKD. Resistant starch (RS), a prebiotic that promotes proliferation of gut bacteria such as Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli, increases the production of metabolites including short-chain fatty acids, which confer a number of health-promoting benefits. However, there is a lack of mechanistic insight into how these metabolites can positively influence renal health. Emerging evidence shows that microbiota-derived metabolites can regulate the incretin axis and mitigate inflammation via expansion of regulatory T cells. Studies from animal models and patients with CKD show that RS supplementation attenuates the concentrations of uremic retention solutes, including indoxyl sulfate and p-cresyl sulfate. Here, we present the current state of knowledge linking the microbiome to CKD, we explore the efficacy of RS in animal models of CKD and in humans with the condition, and we discuss how RS supplementation could be a promising dietary approach for slowing CKD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Snelson
- Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicole J Kellow
- Be Active Sleep & Eat (BASE) Facility, Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Food, Monash University, Notting Hill, Victoria, Australia
| | - Melinda T Coughlan
- Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Baker Heart Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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11
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Taylor AE, Bedford MR, Pace SC, Miller HM. The effects of phytase and xylanase supplementation on performance and egg quality in laying hens. Br Poult Sci 2018; 59:554-561. [PMID: 29855193 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2018.1483575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
1. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of phytase and xylanase and their interaction on laying hen performance, egg quality, phosphorus (P) digestibility, phytate breakdown, volatile fatty acid (VFA) production and peptide YY concentration. 2. Two hundred and forty hens were allocated to cages at 22 weeks of age based on a 3 × 2 arrangement with phytase (0, 300 or 1500 FTU/kg) and xylanase (0 or 12 000 BXU/kg) as factors. 3. Phytase increased hen-day production (P < 0.05), daily egg mass (P < 0.05) and P digestibility with increasing levels of phytase (P < 0.001). Phytase fed at 1500 FTU/kg reduced IP6 and IP5 and increased myo-inositol concentration in gizzard digesta (P < 0.05). Phytase fed at 300 FTU/kg reduced IP6 in ileal digesta (P < 0.05); however, IP6 and IP5 were further reduced and myo-inositol increased when phytase was added at 1500 FTU/kg (P < 0.05). 4. Xylanase improved feed efficiency when phytase was fed at 300 FTU/kg (P < 0.05). In the absence of phytase, xylanase reduced dry matter and Ca digestibilities (P < 0.05). 5. Neither phytase nor xylanase had an effect on peptide YY or caecal VFA concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Taylor
- a Faculty of Biological Sciences , University of Leeds , Leeds , UK
| | - M R Bedford
- b AB Vista Feed Ingredients Ltd , Marlborough , UK
| | - S C Pace
- a Faculty of Biological Sciences , University of Leeds , Leeds , UK
| | - H M Miller
- a Faculty of Biological Sciences , University of Leeds , Leeds , UK
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12
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The effects of xylanase on grower pig performance, concentrations of volatile fatty acids and peptide YY in portal and peripheral blood. Animal 2018; 12:2499-2504. [PMID: 29508681 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731118000277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) present in wheat and barley can act as anti-nutrients leading to an increase in digesta viscosity and a reduction in nutrient digestibility. Xylanase, an NSP-degrading enzyme, has been shown to increase nutrient digestibility in pigs. The objectives of this study were: (1) to identify the optimum inclusion level of xylanase in grower pig diets by measuring the effect of increasing enzyme levels on growth performance, the concentration of volatile fatty acids (VFA) and peptide YY concentration in portal and peripheral blood of grower pigs and (2) to increase our understanding of the interrelationships between xylanase inclusion, VFA production and peptide YY secretion. A total of 512 grower pigs ((Large White×Landrace)×MAXGRO) were allocated to pens creating 32 replicates of four pigs per pen per treatment. Pigs were allocated to trial weighing 14.2±0.31 kg and remained on trial until ~41.5±3.31 kg. The experiment was a dose response design with four inclusion levels (0, 8000, 16 000 or 32 000 BXU/kg) of xylanase (Econase XT). Diets were cereal-based wheat, barley mix formulated to meet or exceed the nutrient requirements of grower pigs. Body weight and feed intake were recorded to calculate growth performance. Pen faecal samples were collected to estimate DM, organic matter (OM) and crude fibre (CF) apparent total-tract digestibility. At the end of the trial 16 pigs per treatment were euthanised by schedule 1 procedures. Peripheral and portal blood samples were collected for peptide YY and VFA analysis. The addition of xylanase to the diet had no effect on growth performance, DM, OM or CF total-tract digestibility; however, xylanase tended to have a quadratic effect on ileum pH with higher pH values recorded for pigs fed a diet supplemented with 8000 and 16 000 BXU/kg xylanase (P<0.1). Xylanase had no effect on peptide YY levels or VFA concentration. Total VFA concentration was higher in portal compared with peripheral blood (P<0.05). In conclusion, the addition of xylanase had no effect on grower pig performance, nutrient digestibility, VFA concentration or peptide YY concentration when fed up to 32 000 BXU/kg over a 35-day period. Pig performance was good for all treatments throughout the trial suggesting that diet quality was sufficient thus there were no beneficial effects of adding xylanase.
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Ingerslev AK, Mutt SJ, Lærke HN, Hedemann MS, Theil PK, Nielsen KL, Jørgensen H, Herzig KH, Bach Knudsen KE. Postprandial PYY increase by resistant starch supplementation is independent of net portal appearance of short-chain fatty acids in pigs. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185927. [PMID: 28982156 PMCID: PMC5628905 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased dietary fiber (DF) fermentation and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production may stimulate peptide tyrosine-tyrosine (PYY) secretion. In this study, the effects of hindgut SCFA production on postprandial PYY plasma levels were assessed using different experimental diets in a porto-arterial catheterized pig model. The pigs were fed experimental diets varying in source and levels of DF for one week in 3×3 Latin square designs. The DF sources were whole-wheat grain, wheat aleurone, rye aleurone-rich flour, rye flakes, and resistant starch. Postprandial blood samples were collected from the catheters and analyzed for PYY levels and net portal appearance (NPA) of PYY was correlated to NPA of SCFA. No significant effects of diets on NPA of PYY were observed (P > 0.05), however, resistant starch supplementation increased postprandial NPA of PYY levels by 37 to 54% compared with rye-based and Western-style control diets (P = 0.19). This increase was caused by higher mesenteric artery and portal vein PYY plasma levels (P < 0.001) and was independent of SCFA absorption (P > 0.05). The PYY levels were higher in response to the second daily meal compared with the first daily meal (P < 0.001), but similar among diets (P > 0.10). In conclusion, the increased postprandial PYY responses in pigs fed with different levels and sources of DF are not caused by an increased SCFA absorption and suggest that other mechanisms such as neural reflexes and possibly an increased flow of digesta in the small intestine may be involved. The content of DF and SCFA production did not affect PYY levels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shivaprakash Jagalur Mutt
- Research Unit of Biomedicine and Biocenter of Oulu, Department of Physiology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | | | | | | | | | - Henry Jørgensen
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark
| | - Karl-Heinz Herzig
- Research Unit of Biomedicine and Biocenter of Oulu, Department of Physiology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
- Medical Research Center (MRC) and University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
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Youssef MR, Attia ZI, El-Baz RA, Roshdy S, Settin A. Genetic polymorphisms of NFκB1-94ins/delATTG and NFκBIA-881A/G genes in Egyptian patients with colorectal cancer. Fam Cancer 2017; 16:517-524. [DOI: 10.1007/s10689-017-9992-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Newman MA, Zebeli Q, Eberspächer E, Grüll D, Molnar T, Metzler-Zebeli BU. Transglycosylated Starch Improves Insulin Response and Alters Lipid and Amino Acid Metabolome in a Growing Pig Model. Nutrients 2017; 9:E291. [PMID: 28300770 PMCID: PMC5372954 DOI: 10.3390/nu9030291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the functional properties and physiological effects often associated with chemically modified starches, significant interest lies in their development for incorporation in processed foods. This study investigated the effect of transglycosylated cornstarch (TGS) on blood glucose, insulin, and serum metabolome in the pre- and postprandial phase in growing pigs. Eight jugular vein-catheterized barrows were fed two diets containing 72% purified starch (waxy cornstarch (CON) or TGS). A meal tolerance test (MTT) was performed with serial blood sampling for glucose, insulin, lipids, and metabolome profiling. TGS-fed pigs had reduced postprandial insulin (p < 0.05) and glucose (p < 0.10) peaks compared to CON-fed pigs. The MTT showed increased (p < 0.05) serum urea with TGS-fed pigs compared to CON, indicative of increased protein catabolism. Metabolome profiling showed reduced (p < 0.05) amino acids such as alanine and glutamine with TGS, suggesting increased gluconeogenesis compared to CON, probably due to a reduction in available glucose. Of all metabolites affected by dietary treatment, alkyl-acyl-phosphatidylcholines and sphingomyelins were generally increased (p < 0.05) preprandially, whereas diacyl-phosphatidylcholines and lysophosphatidylcholines were decreased (p < 0.05) postprandially in TGS-fed pigs compared to CON. In conclusion, TGS led to changes in postprandial insulin and glucose metabolism, which may have caused the alterations in serum amino acid and phospholipid metabolome profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica A Newman
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Qendrim Zebeli
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Eva Eberspächer
- Anaesthesiology and Perioperative Intensive Care, Department for Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Dietmar Grüll
- Agrana Research & Innovation Center GmbH, 3430 Tulln, Austria.
| | - Timea Molnar
- Agrana Research & Innovation Center GmbH, 3430 Tulln, Austria.
| | - Barbara U Metzler-Zebeli
- University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
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16
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Yang
- Department of Nutrition, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Pedro A Jose
- Division of Renal Disease & Hypertension, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC
| | - Chunyu Zeng
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Kieffer DA, Piccolo BD, Marco ML, Kim EB, Goodson ML, Keenan MJ, Dunn TN, Knudsen KEB, Martin RJ, Adams SH. Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet Supplemented with Resistant Starch Display Marked Shifts in the Liver Metabolome Concurrent with Altered Gut Bacteria. J Nutr 2016; 146:2476-2490. [PMID: 27807042 PMCID: PMC5118768 DOI: 10.3945/jn.116.238931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-amylose-maize resistant starch type 2 (HAMRS2) is a fermentable dietary fiber known to alter the gut milieu, including the gut microbiota, which may explain the reported effects of resistant starch to ameliorate obesity-associated metabolic dysfunction. OBJECTIVE Our working hypothesis was that HAMRS2-induced microbiome changes alter gut-derived signals (i.e., xenometabolites) reaching the liver via the portal circulation, in turn altering liver metabolism by regulating gene expression and other pathways. METHODS We used a multi-omics systems biology approach to characterize HAMRS2-driven shifts to the cecal microbiome, liver metabolome, and transcriptome, identifying correlates between microbial changes and liver metabolites under obesogenic conditions that, to our knowledge, have not previously been recognized. Five-week-old male C57BL/6J mice were fed an energy-dense 45% lard-based-fat diet for 10 wk supplemented with either 20% HAMRS2 by weight (n = 14) or rapidly digestible starch (control diet; n = 15). RESULTS Despite no differences in food intake, body weight, glucose tolerance, fasting plasma insulin, or liver triglycerides, the HAMRS2 mice showed a 15-58% reduction in all measured liver amino acids, except for Gln, compared with control mice. These metabolites were equivalent in the plasma of HAMRS2 mice compared with controls, and transcripts encoding key amino acid transporters were not different in the small intestine or liver, suggesting that HAMRS2 effects were not simply due to lower hepatocyte exposure to systemic amino acids. Instead, alterations in gut microbial metabolism could have affected host nitrogen and amino acid homeostasis: HAMRS2 mice showed a 62% increase (P < 0.0001) in 48-h fecal output and a 41% increase (P < 0.0001) in fecal nitrogen compared with control mice. Beyond amino acid metabolism, liver transcriptomics revealed pathways related to lipid and xenobiotic metabolism; and pathways related to cell proliferation, differentiation, and growth were affected by HAMRS2 feeding. CONCLUSION Together, these differences indicate that HAMRS2 dramatically alters hepatic metabolism and gene expression concurrent with shifts in specific gut bacteria in C57BL/6J mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothy A Kieffer
- Graduate Group in Nutritional Biology and
- Department of Nutrition
- Obesity and Metabolism Research Unit, USDA-Agricultural Research Service Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA
| | - Brian D Piccolo
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center and
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
| | | | - Eun Bae Kim
- Food Science and Technology Department, and
- Department of Animal Life Science, College of Animal Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | - Tamara N Dunn
- Graduate Group in Nutritional Biology and
- Department of Nutrition
- Obesity and Metabolism Research Unit, USDA-Agricultural Research Service Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA
| | | | - Roy J Martin
- Graduate Group in Nutritional Biology and
- Department of Nutrition
- Obesity and Metabolism Research Unit, USDA-Agricultural Research Service Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA
| | - Sean H Adams
- Graduate Group in Nutritional Biology and
- Department of Nutrition
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center and
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
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Kieffer DA, Martin RJ, Adams SH. Impact of Dietary Fibers on Nutrient Management and Detoxification Organs: Gut, Liver, and Kidneys. Adv Nutr 2016; 7:1111-1121. [PMID: 28140328 PMCID: PMC5105045 DOI: 10.3945/an.116.013219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased dietary fiber (DF) intake elicits a wide range of physiologic effects, not just locally in the gut, but systemically. DFs can greatly alter the gut milieu by affecting the gut microbiome, which in turn influences the gut barrier, gastrointestinal immune and endocrine responses, and nitrogen cycling and microbial metabolism. These gut-associated changes can then alter the physiology and biochemistry of the body's other main nutrient management and detoxification organs, the liver and kidneys. The molecular mechanisms by which DF alters the physiology of the gut, liver, and kidneys is likely through gut-localized events (i.e., bacterial nitrogen metabolism, microbe-microbe, and microbe-host cell interactions) coupled with specific factors that emanate from the gut in response to DF, which signal to or affect the physiology of the liver and kidneys. The latter may include microbe-derived xenometabolites, peptides, or bioactive food components made available by gut microbes, inflammation signals, and gut hormones. The intent of this review is to summarize how DF alters the gut milieu to specifically affect intestinal, liver, and kidney functions and to discuss the potential local and systemic signaling networks that are involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothy A Kieffer
- Graduate Group in Nutritional Biology and
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
- Obesity and Metabolism Research Unit, USDA-Agricultural Research Service Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA
| | - Roy J Martin
- Graduate Group in Nutritional Biology and
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
- Obesity and Metabolism Research Unit, USDA-Agricultural Research Service Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA
| | - Sean H Adams
- Graduate Group in Nutritional Biology and
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, Little Rock, AR; and
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
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19
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Wong THT, Louie JCY. The relationship between resistant starch and glycemic control: A review on current evidence and possible mechanisms. STARCH-STARKE 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/star.201600205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tommy Hon Ting Wong
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science; The University of Hong Kong; Pokfulam Hong Kong Special Administrative Region People's Republic of China
| | - Jimmy Chun Yu Louie
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science; The University of Hong Kong; Pokfulam Hong Kong Special Administrative Region People's Republic of China
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20
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Goldsmith F, Guice J, Page R, Welsh DA, Taylor CM, Blanchard EE, Luo M, Raggio AM, Stout RW, Carvajal-Aldaz D, Gaither A, Pelkman C, Ye J, Martin RJ, Geaghan J, Durham HA, Coulon D, Keenan MJ. Obese ZDF rats fermented resistant starch with effects on gut microbiota but no reduction in abdominal fat. Mol Nutr Food Res 2016; 61. [PMID: 27234399 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201501025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2015] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE To determine if whole-grain (WG) flour with resistant starch (RS) will produce greater fermentation than isolated RS in obese Zucker Diabetic Fatty (ZDF) rats, and whether greater fermentation results in different microbiota, reduced abdominal fat, and increased insulin sensitivity. METHODS AND RESULTS This study utilized four groups fed diets made with either isolated digestible control starch, WG control flour (6.9% RS), isolated RS-rich corn starch (25% RS), or WG corn flour (25% RS). ZDF rats fermented RS and RS-rich WG flour to greatest extent among groups. High-RS groups had increased serum glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) active. Feeding isolated RS showed greater Bacteroidetes to Firmicutes phyla among groups, and rats consuming low RS diets possessed more bacteria in Lactobacillus genus. However, no differences in abdominal fat were observed, but rats with isolated RS had greatest insulin sensitivity among groups. CONCLUSIONS Data demonstrated ZDF rats (i) possess a microbiota that fermented RS, and (ii) WG high-RS fermented better than purified RS. However, fermentation and microbiota changes did not translate into reduced abdominal fat. The defective leptin receptor may limit ZDF rats from responding to increased GLP-1 and different microbiota for reducing abdominal fat, but did not prevent improved insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Justin Guice
- School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Louisiana State University AgCenter, LA, USA
| | - Ryan Page
- School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Louisiana State University AgCenter, LA, USA
| | - David A Welsh
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Christopher M Taylor
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Eugene E Blanchard
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Meng Luo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Anne M Raggio
- School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Louisiana State University AgCenter, LA, USA
| | - Rhett W Stout
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, Louisiana State University Veterinary School, LA, USA
| | - Diana Carvajal-Aldaz
- School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Louisiana State University AgCenter, LA, USA
| | | | | | - Jianping Ye
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | | | - James Geaghan
- Experimental Statistics, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | | | - Diana Coulon
- School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Louisiana State University AgCenter, LA, USA
| | - Michael J Keenan
- School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Louisiana State University AgCenter, LA, USA
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The microbiota and chronic kidney diseases: a double-edged sword. Clin Transl Immunology 2016; 5:e86. [PMID: 27757226 PMCID: PMC5067952 DOI: 10.1038/cti.2016.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent findings regarding the influence of the microbiota in many inflammatory processes have provided a new way to treat diseases. Now, one may hypothesize that the origin of a plethora of diseases is related to the health of the gut microbiota and its delicate, although complex, interface with the epithelial and immune systems. The ‘westernization' of diets, for example, is associated with alterations in the gut microbiota. Such alterations have been found to correlate directly with the increased incidence of diabetes and hypertension, the main causes of chronic kidney diseases (CKDs), which, in turn, have a high estimated prevalence. Indeed, data have arisen showing that the progression of kidney diseases is strictly related to the composition of the microbiota. Alterations in the gut microbiota diversity during CKDs do not only have the potential to exacerbate renal injury but may also contribute to the development of associated comorbidities, such as cardiovascular diseases and insulin resistance. In this review, we discuss how dysbiosis through alterations in the gut barrier and the consequent activation of immune system could intensify the progression of CKD and vice versa, how CKDs can modify the gut microbiota diversity and abundance.
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Kieffer DA, Piccolo BD, Vaziri ND, Liu S, Lau WL, Khazaeli M, Nazertehrani S, Moore ME, Marco ML, Martin RJ, Adams SH. Resistant starch alters gut microbiome and metabolomic profiles concurrent with amelioration of chronic kidney disease in rats. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2016; 310:F857-71. [PMID: 26841824 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00513.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients and animals with chronic kidney disease (CKD) exhibit profound alterations in the gut environment including shifts in microbial composition, increased fecal pH, and increased blood levels of gut microbe-derived metabolites (xenometabolites). The fermentable dietary fiber high amylose maize-resistant starch type 2 (HAMRS2) has been shown to alter the gut milieu and in CKD rat models leads to markedly improved kidney function. The aim of the present study was to identify specific cecal bacteria and cecal, blood, and urinary metabolites that associate with changes in kidney function to identify potential mechanisms involved with CKD amelioration in response to dietary resistant starch. Male Sprague-Dawley rats with adenine-induced CKD were fed a semipurified low-fiber diet or a high-fiber diet [59% (wt/wt) HAMRS2] for 3 wk (n = 9 rats/group). The cecal microbiome was characterized, and cecal contents, serum, and urine metabolites were analyzed. HAMRS2-fed rats displayed decreased cecal pH, decreased microbial diversity, and an increased Bacteroidetes-to-Firmicutes ratio. Several uremic retention solutes were altered in the cecal contents, serum, and urine, many of which had strong correlations with specific gut bacteria abundances, i.e., serum and urine indoxyl sulfate were reduced by 36% and 66%, respectively, in HAMRS2-fed rats and urine p-cresol was reduced by 47% in HAMRS2-fed rats. Outcomes from this study were coincident with improvements in kidney function indexes and amelioration of CKD outcomes previously reported for these rats, suggesting an important role for microbial-derived factors and gut microbe metabolism in regulating host kidney function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothy A Kieffer
- Obesity and Metabolism Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, California; Graduate Group in Nutritional Biology and Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Brian D Piccolo
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center and Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | | | - Shuman Liu
- Division of Nephrology, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Wei L Lau
- Division of Nephrology, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Mahyar Khazaeli
- Division of Nephrology, University of California, Irvine, California
| | | | - Mary E Moore
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, California; and
| | - Maria L Marco
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, California; and
| | - Roy J Martin
- Obesity and Metabolism Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, California
| | - Sean H Adams
- Graduate Group in Nutritional Biology and Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, California; Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center and Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
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Lyte M, Chapel A, Lyte JM, Ai Y, Proctor A, Jane JL, Phillips GJ. Resistant Starch Alters the Microbiota-Gut Brain Axis: Implications for Dietary Modulation of Behavior. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146406. [PMID: 26745269 PMCID: PMC4706316 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing recognition that the gut microbiota plays a central role in behavior and cognition suggests that the manipulation of microbial taxa through diet may provide a means by which behavior may be altered in a reproducible and consistent manner in order to achieve a beneficial outcome for the host. Resistant starch continues to receive attention as a dietary intervention that can benefit the host through mechanisms that include altering the intestinal microbiota. Given the interest in dietary approaches to improve health, the aim of this study was to investigate whether the use of dietary resistant starch in mice to alter the gut microbiota also results in a change in behavior. Forty-eight 6 week-old male Swiss-Webster mice were randomly assigned to 3 treatment groups (n = 16 per group) and fed either a normal corn starch diet (NCS) or diets rich in resistant starches HA7 diet (HA7) or octenyl-succinate HA7 diet (OS-HA7) for 6 week and monitored for weight, behavior and fecal microbiota composition. Animals fed an HA7 diet displayed comparable weight gain over the feeding period to that recorded for NCS-fed animals while OS-HA7 displayed a lower weight gain as compared to either NCS or HA7 animals (ANOVA p = 0.0001; NCS:HA7 p = 0.244; HA7:OS-HA7 p<0.0001; NCS:OS-HA7 p<0.0001). Analysis of fecal microbiota using 16s rRNA gene taxonomic profiling revealed that each diet corresponded with a unique gut microbiota. The distribution of taxonomic classes was dynamic over the 6 week feeding period for each of the diets. At the end of the feeding periods, the distribution of taxa included statistically significant increases in members of the phylum Proteobacteria in OS-HA7 fed mice, while the Verrucomicrobia increased in HA7 fed mice over that of mice fed OS-HA7. At the class level, members of the class Bacilli decreased in the OS-HA7 fed group, and Actinobacteria, which includes the genus Bifidobacteria, was enriched in the HA7 fed group compared to the control diet. Behavioral analysis revealed that animals demonstrated profound anxiety-like behavior as observed by performance on the elevated-plus maze with time spent by the mice in the open arm (ANOVA p = 0.000; NCS:HA7 p = 0.004; NCS:OS-HA7 p = 1.000; HA7:OS-HA7 p = 0.0001) as well as entries in the open arm (ANOVA p = 0.039; NCS:HA7 p = 0.041; HA7:OS-HA7 p = 0.221; NCS:OS-HA7 p = 1.000). Open-field behavior, a measure of general locomotion and exploration, revealed statistically significant differences between groups in locomotion as a measure of transitions across quadrant boundaries. Additionally, the open-field assay revealed decreased exploration as well as decreased rearing in HA7 and OS-HA7 fed mice demonstrating a consistent pattern of increased anxiety-like behavior among these groups. Critically, behavior was not correlated with weight. These results indicate that diets based on resistant starch can be utilized to produce quantifiable changes in the gut microbiota and should be useful to "dial-in" a specific microbiome that is unique to a particular starch composition. However, undesirable effects can also be associated with resistant starch, including lack of weight gain and increased anxiety-like behaviors. These observations warrant careful consideration when developing diets rich in resistant starch in humans and animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Lyte
- Department of Immunotherapeutics and Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Abilene, Texas, 79606, United States of America
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology & Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011, United States of America
| | - Ashley Chapel
- School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas, 79905, United States of America
| | - Joshua M. Lyte
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, College of Human Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011, United States of America
| | - Yongfeng Ai
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, College of Human Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011, United States of America
| | - Alexandra Proctor
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology & Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011, United States of America
| | - Jay-Lin Jane
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, College of Human Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011, United States of America
| | - Gregory J. Phillips
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology & Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011, United States of America
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Huperzine A Alleviates Mechanical Allodynia but Not Spontaneous Pain via Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptors in Mice. Neural Plast 2015; 2015:453170. [PMID: 26697233 PMCID: PMC4678084 DOI: 10.1155/2015/453170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 09/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic pain is a major health issue and most patients suffer from spontaneous pain. Previous studies suggest that Huperzine A (Hup A), an alkaloid isolated from the Chinese herb Huperzia serrata, is a potent analgesic with few side effects. However, whether it alleviates spontaneous pain is unclear. We evaluated the effects of Hup A on spontaneous pain in mice using the conditioned place preference (CPP) behavioral assay and found that application of Hup A attenuated the mechanical allodynia induced by peripheral nerve injury or inflammation. This effect was blocked by atropine. However, clonidine but not Hup A induced preference for the drug-paired chamber in CPP. The same effects occurred when Hup A was infused into the anterior cingulate cortex. Furthermore, ambenonium chloride, a competitive inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase, also increased the paw-withdrawal threshold but failed to induce place preference in CPP. Therefore, our data suggest that acetylcholinesterase in both the peripheral and central nervous systems is involved in the regulation of mechanical allodynia but not the spontaneous pain.
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25
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Keenan MJ, Marco ML, Ingram DK, Martin RJ. Improving healthspan via changes in gut microbiota and fermentation. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2015; 37:98. [PMID: 26371059 PMCID: PMC5005825 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-015-9817-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
Dietary resistant starch impact on intestinal microbiome and improving healthspan is the topic of this review. In the elderly population, dietary fiber intake is lower than recommended. Dietary resistant starch as a source of fiber produces a profound change in gut microbiota and fermentation in animal models of aging. Dietary resistant starch has the potential for improving healthspan in the elderly through multiple mechanisms as follows: (1) enhancing gut microbiota profile and production of short-chain fatty acids, (2) improving gut barrier function, (3) increasing gut peptides that are important in glucose homeostasis and lipid metabolism, and (4) mimicking many of the effects of caloric restriction including upregulation of genes involved in xenobiotic metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Keenan
- Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Maria L Marco
- Robert Mondavi Institute for Wine and Food Science, 1136 RMI North, 392 Old Davis Rd, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | | | - Roy J Martin
- Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA, USA.
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26
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Shewry PR, Hey SJ. The contribution of wheat to human diet and health. Food Energy Secur 2015; 4:178-202. [PMID: 27610232 PMCID: PMC4998136 DOI: 10.1002/fes3.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 498] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Wheat is the most important staple crop in temperate zones and is in increasing demand in countries undergoing urbanization and industrialization. In addition to being a major source of starch and energy, wheat also provides substantial amounts of a number of components which are essential or beneficial for health, notably protein, vitamins (notably B vitamins), dietary fiber, and phytochemicals. Of these, wheat is a particularly important source of dietary fiber, with bread alone providing 20% of the daily intake in the UK, and well-established relationships between the consumption of cereal dietary fiber and reduced risk of cardio-vascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and forms of cancer (notably colo-rectal cancer). Wheat shows high variability in the contents and compositions of beneficial components, with some (including dietary fiber) showing high heritability. Hence, plant breeders should be able to select for enhanced health benefits in addition to increased crop yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter R Shewry
- Rothamsted Research Harpenden Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ UK; University of Reading Whiteknights Reading Berkshire RG6 6AH UK
| | - Sandra J Hey
- Rothamsted Research Harpenden Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ UK
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27
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Effect of oil palm phenolics on gastrointestinal transit, contractility and motility in the rat. J Funct Foods 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2015.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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28
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Gao C, Gao Z, Greenway FL, Burton JH, Johnson WD, Keenan MJ, Enright FM, Martin RJ, Chu Y, Zheng J. Oat consumption reduced intestinal fat deposition and improved health span in Caenorhabditis elegans model. Nutr Res 2015; 35:834-43. [PMID: 26253816 PMCID: PMC4561582 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2015.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In addition to their fermentable dietary fiber and the soluble β-glucan fiber, oats have unique avenanthramides that have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties that reduce coronary heart disease in human clinical trials. We hypothesized that oat consumption will increase insulin sensitivity, reduce body fat, and improve health span in Caenorhabditis elegans through a mechanism involving the daf-2 gene, which codes for the insulin/insulin-like growth factor-1–like receptor, and that hyperglycemia will attenuate these changes. Caenorhabditis elegans wild type (N2) and the null strains sir-2.1, daf-16, and daf-16/daf-2 were fed Escherichia coli (OP50) and oat flakes (0.5%, 1.0%, or 3%) with and without 2% glucose. Oat feeding decreased intestinal fat deposition in N2, daf-16, or daf-16/daf-2 strains (P < .05); and glucose did not affect intestinal fat deposition response. The N2, daf-16, or sir-2.1 mutant increased the pharyngeal pumping rate (P < .05), a surrogate marker of life span, following oat consumption. Oat consumption increased ckr-1, gcy-8, cpt-1, and cpt-2 mRNA expression in both the N2 and the sir-2.1 mutant, with significantly higher expression in sir-2.1 than in N2 (P < .01). Additional glucose further increased expression 1.5-fold of the 4 genes in N2 (P < .01), decreased the expression of all except cpt-1 in the daf-16 mutant, and reduced mRNA expression of the 4 genes in the daf-16/daf-2 mutant (P < .01). These data suggest that oat consumption reduced fat storage and increased ckr-1, gcy-8, cpt-1, or cpt-2 through the sir-2.1 genetic pathway. Oat consumption may be a beneficial dietary intervention for reducing fat accumulation, augmenting health span, and improving hyperglycemia-impaired lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenfei Gao
- School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Louisiana State University, Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803
| | - Zhanguo Gao
- Antioxidant and Gene Regulation Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808
| | - Frank L Greenway
- Outpatient unit, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808
| | - Jeffrey H Burton
- Department of Biostatistics, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808
| | - William D Johnson
- Department of Biostatistics, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808
| | - Michael J Keenan
- School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Louisiana State University, Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803
| | - Frederick M Enright
- School of Animal Sciences, Louisiana State University, Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803
| | | | - YiFang Chu
- Quaker Oats Center of Excellence, PepsiCo Global R&D Nutrition, Barrington, IL, 60010
| | - Jolene Zheng
- Bioactive Screening Lab, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808.
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29
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Lange K, Hugenholtz F, Jonathan MC, Schols HA, Kleerebezem M, Smidt H, Müller M, Hooiveld GJEJ. Comparison of the effects of five dietary fibers on mucosal transcriptional profiles, and luminal microbiota composition and SCFA concentrations in murine colon. Mol Nutr Food Res 2015; 59:1590-602. [PMID: 25914036 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201400597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE The aim of our study was to investigate and compare the effects of five fibers on the mucosal transcriptome, together with alterations in the luminal microbiota composition and SCFA concentrations in the colon. METHODS AND RESULTS Mice were fed fibers that differed in carbohydrate composition or a control diet for 10 days. Colonic gene expression profiles and luminal microbiota composition were determined by microarray techniques, and integrated using multivariate statistics. Our data showed a distinct reaction of the host and microbiota to resistant starch, a fiber that was not completely fermented in the colon, whereas the other fibers induced similar responses on gene expression and microbiota. Consistent associations were revealed between fiber-induced enrichment of Clostridium cluster IV and XIVa representatives, and changes in mucosal expression of genes related to energy metabolism. The nuclear receptor PPAR-γ was predicted to be an important regulator of the mucosal responses. CONCLUSION Results of this exploratory study suggest that despite different sources and composition, fermentable fibers induce a highly similar mucosal response that may at least be partially governed by PPAR-γ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Lange
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics group, Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands.,Netherlands Consortium for Systems Biology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Floor Hugenholtz
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands.,Netherlands Consortium for Systems Biology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Melliana C Jonathan
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Henk A Schols
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands.,TI Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Michiel Kleerebezem
- Netherlands Consortium for Systems Biology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,TI Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, the Netherlands.,Host-Microbe Interactomics, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Hauke Smidt
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands.,Netherlands Consortium for Systems Biology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,TI Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Michael Müller
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics group, Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands.,Netherlands Consortium for Systems Biology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Guido J E J Hooiveld
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics group, Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands.,Netherlands Consortium for Systems Biology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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30
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Zhou J, Martin RJ, Raggio AM, Shen L, McCutcheon K, Keenan MJ. The importance of GLP-1 and PYY in resistant starch's effect on body fat in mice. Mol Nutr Food Res 2015; 59:1000-3. [PMID: 25631638 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201400904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Revised: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Resistant starch (RS) is a dietary fermentable fiber that decreases body fat accumulation, and stimulates the secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and peptide YY (PYY) in rodents. GLP-1 and PYY are gut-secreted hormones with antiobesity effect. Thus, blocking the signals of increased GLP-1 and PYY may also block the effect of dietary RS on body fat. In a 10-week study, C57BL/6J and GLP-1 receptor null (GLP-1R KO) mice were fed control or 30% RS diet, and received daily intraperitoneal injection of either saline or PYY receptor antagonist (BIIE0246, 20 μg/kg body weight). Dietary RS significantly decreased body fat accumulation only in wild-type mice that has saline injection, but not in GLP-1R KO mice. PYY receptor antagonist diminished RS action on body fat in wild-type mice, but did not interfere with GLP-1R KO mice response to RS. Regardless of genotype and injection received, all RS-fed mice had increased cumulative food intake, cecal fermentation, and mRNA expression of proglucagon and PYY. Thus, our results suggest that increased GLP-1 and PYY is important in RS effects on body fat accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- June Zhou
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA; Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
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31
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Keenan MJ, Zhou J, Hegsted M, Pelkman C, Durham HA, Coulon DB, Martin RJ. Role of resistant starch in improving gut health, adiposity, and insulin resistance. Adv Nutr 2015; 6:198-205. [PMID: 25770258 PMCID: PMC4352178 DOI: 10.3945/an.114.007419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The realization that low-glycemic index diets were formulated using resistant starch led to more than a decade of research on the health effects of resistant starch. Determination of the metabolizable energy of the resistant starch product allowed for the performance of isocaloric studies. Fermentation of resistant starch in rodent studies results in what appears to be a healthier gut, demonstrated by increased amounts of short-chain fatty acids, an apparent positive change in the microbiota, and increased gene expression for gene products involved in normal healthy proliferation and apoptosis of potential cancer cells. Additionally, consumption of resistant starch was associated with reduced abdominal fat and improved insulin sensitivity. Increased serum glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) likely plays a role in promoting these health benefits. One rodent study that did not use isocaloric diets demonstrated that the use of resistant starch at 8% of the weight of the diet reduced body fat. This appears to be approximately equivalent to the human fiber requirement. In human subjects, insulin sensitivity is increased with the feeding of resistant starch. However, only 1 of several studies reports an increase in serum GLP-1 associated with resistant starch added to the diet. This means that other mechanisms, such as increased intestinal gluconeogenesis or increased adiponectin, may be involved in the promotion of improved insulin sensitivity. Future research may confirm that there will be improved health if human individuals consume the requirement for dietary fiber and a large amount of the fiber is fermentable.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - June Zhou
- Geriatric Endocrinology and Metabolism Laboratory, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - Maren Hegsted
- Department of Food and Nutrition, University of Wisconsin-Stout, Menomonie, WI
| | | | | | - Diana B Coulon
- Bioassay Core Laboratory, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA
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32
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Keenan MJ, Zhou J, Hegsted M, Pelkman C, Durham HA, Coulon DB, Martin RJ. Role of resistant starch in improving gut health, adiposity, and insulin resistance. Adv Nutr 2015. [PMID: 25770258 DOI: 10.3945/an.114.007419.which] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The realization that low-glycemic index diets were formulated using resistant starch led to more than a decade of research on the health effects of resistant starch. Determination of the metabolizable energy of the resistant starch product allowed for the performance of isocaloric studies. Fermentation of resistant starch in rodent studies results in what appears to be a healthier gut, demonstrated by increased amounts of short-chain fatty acids, an apparent positive change in the microbiota, and increased gene expression for gene products involved in normal healthy proliferation and apoptosis of potential cancer cells. Additionally, consumption of resistant starch was associated with reduced abdominal fat and improved insulin sensitivity. Increased serum glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) likely plays a role in promoting these health benefits. One rodent study that did not use isocaloric diets demonstrated that the use of resistant starch at 8% of the weight of the diet reduced body fat. This appears to be approximately equivalent to the human fiber requirement. In human subjects, insulin sensitivity is increased with the feeding of resistant starch. However, only 1 of several studies reports an increase in serum GLP-1 associated with resistant starch added to the diet. This means that other mechanisms, such as increased intestinal gluconeogenesis or increased adiponectin, may be involved in the promotion of improved insulin sensitivity. Future research may confirm that there will be improved health if human individuals consume the requirement for dietary fiber and a large amount of the fiber is fermentable.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - June Zhou
- Geriatric Endocrinology and Metabolism Laboratory, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - Maren Hegsted
- Department of Food and Nutrition, University of Wisconsin-Stout, Menomonie, WI
| | | | | | - Diana B Coulon
- Bioassay Core Laboratory, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA
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Vaziri ND, Liu SM, Lau WL, Khazaeli M, Nazertehrani S, Farzaneh SH, Kieffer DA, Adams SH, Martin RJ. High amylose resistant starch diet ameliorates oxidative stress, inflammation, and progression of chronic kidney disease. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114881. [PMID: 25490712 PMCID: PMC4260945 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a major mediator of CKD progression and is partly driven by altered gut microbiome and intestinal barrier disruption, events which are caused by: urea influx in the intestine resulting in dominance of urease-possessing bacteria; disruption of epithelial barrier by urea-derived ammonia leading to endotoxemia and bacterial translocation; and restriction of potassium-rich fruits and vegetables which are common sources of fermentable fiber. Restriction of these foods leads to depletion of bacteria that convert indigestible carbohydrates to short chain fatty acids which are important nutrients for colonocytes and regulatory T lymphocytes. We hypothesized that a high resistant starch diet attenuates CKD progression. Male Sprague Dawley rats were fed a chow containing 0.7% adenine for 2 weeks to induce CKD. Rats were then fed diets supplemented with amylopectin (low-fiber control) or high fermentable fiber (amylose maize resistant starch, HAM-RS2) for 3 weeks. CKD rats consuming low fiber diet exhibited reduced creatinine clearance, interstitial fibrosis, inflammation, tubular damage, activation of NFkB, upregulation of pro-inflammatory, pro-oxidant, and pro-fibrotic molecules; impaired Nrf2 activity, down-regulation of antioxidant enzymes, and disruption of colonic epithelial tight junction. The high resistant starch diet significantly attenuated these abnormalities. Thus high resistant starch diet retards CKD progression and attenuates oxidative stress and inflammation in rats. Future studies are needed to explore the impact of HAM-RS2 in CKD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nosratola D. Vaziri
- Division of Nephrology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Shu-Man Liu
- Division of Nephrology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Wei Ling Lau
- Division of Nephrology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Mahyar Khazaeli
- Division of Nephrology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Sohrab Nazertehrani
- Division of Nephrology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Seyed H. Farzaneh
- Division of Nephrology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Dorothy A. Kieffer
- Graduate Group in Nutritional Biology and Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, United States of America
- Obesity & Metabolism Research Unit, USDA-ARS Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Sean H. Adams
- Graduate Group in Nutritional Biology and Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, United States of America
- Obesity & Metabolism Research Unit, USDA-ARS Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Roy J. Martin
- Graduate Group in Nutritional Biology and Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, United States of America
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Oostindjer M, Alexander J, Amdam GV, Andersen G, Bryan NS, Chen D, Corpet DE, De Smet S, Dragsted LO, Haug A, Karlsson AH, Kleter G, de Kok TM, Kulseng B, Milkowski AL, Martin RJ, Pajari AM, Paulsen JE, Pickova J, Rudi K, Sødring M, Weed DL, Egelandsdal B. The role of red and processed meat in colorectal cancer development: a perspective. Meat Sci 2014; 97:583-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2014.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Lafiandra D, Riccardi G, Shewry PR. Improving cereal grain carbohydrates for diet and health. J Cereal Sci 2014; 59:312-326. [PMID: 24966450 PMCID: PMC4064937 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2014.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Starch and cell wall polysaccharides (dietary fibre) of cereal grains contribute to the health benefits associated with the consumption of whole grain cereal products, including reduced risk of obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease and colorectal cancer. The physiological bases for these effects are reviewed in relation to the structures and physical properties of the polysaccharides and their behaviour (including digestion and fermentation) in the gastro-intestinal tract. Strategies for modifying the content and composition of grain polysaccharides to increase their health benefits are discussed, including exploiting natural variation and using mutagenesis and transgenesis to generate further variation. These studies will facilitate the development of new types of cereals and cereal products to face the major health challenges of the 21st century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Lafiandra
- Università degli Studi della Tuscia, Department of Agriculture, Forestry, Nature and Energy, Via S.C. De Lellis, Viterbo 01100, Italy
| | - Gabriele Riccardi
- Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Via Pansini 5, Napoli 80131, Italy
| | - Peter R. Shewry
- Department of Plant Biology and Crop Science, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK
- School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Earley Gate, Whiteknights Road, Reading RG6 6AR, UK
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Vidrine K, Ye J, Martin RJ, McCutcheon KL, Raggio AM, Pelkman C, Durham HA, Zhou J, Senevirathne RN, Williams C, Greenway F, Finley J, Gao Z, Goldsmith F, Keenan MJ. Resistant starch from high amylose maize (HAM-RS2) and dietary butyrate reduce abdominal fat by a different apparent mechanism. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2014; 22:344-8. [PMID: 23630079 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Obesity is a health concern. Resistant starch (RS) type 2 from high-amylose maize (HAM-RS2) and dietary sodium butyrate (SB) reduce abdominal fat in rodents. RS treatment is associated with increased gut hormones peptide YY (PYY) and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), but it is not known if SB increases these hormones. DESIGN AND METHODS This was investigated in a 2 × 2 rat study with HAM-RS2 (0 or 28% weight) and dietary sodium butyrate (0 and 3.2%) resulting in isocaloric treatments: energy control (EC), sodium butyrate (SB), HAM-RS2 (RS), and the combination (SBRS). RESULTS RS and SB reduced abdominal fat and the combination reduced abdominal fat compared to SB and RS. RS was associated with increased fermentation in the cecum. Serum PYY and GLP-1 total were increased with RS treatment. RS treatment was associated with increased cecal butyrate produced from fermentation of RS, but there was no cecal increase for dietary SB. CONCLUSIONS SB after its absorption into the blood appears to not affect production of PYY and GLP-1, while butyrate from fermentation in the cecum promotes increased PYY and GLP-1. Future studies with lower doses of RS and SB are warranted and the combination may be beneficial for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirk Vidrine
- School of Human Ecology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
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Effects of resistant starch on behaviour, satiety-related hormones and metabolites in growing pigs. Animal 2014; 8:1402-11. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731114001116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Haenen D, Souza da Silva C, Zhang J, Koopmans SJ, Bosch G, Vervoort J, Gerrits WJJ, Kemp B, Smidt H, Müller M, Hooiveld GJEJ. Resistant starch induces catabolic but suppresses immune and cell division pathways and changes the microbiome in the proximal colon of male pigs. J Nutr 2013; 143:1889-98. [PMID: 24132577 DOI: 10.3945/jn.113.182154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Consumption of resistant starch (RS) has been associated with various intestinal health benefits, but knowledge of its effects on global gene expression in the colon is limited. The main objective of the current study was to identify genes affected by RS in the proximal colon to infer which biologic pathways were modulated. Ten 17-wk-old male pigs, fitted with a cannula in the proximal colon for repeated collection of tissue biopsy samples and luminal content, were fed a digestible starch (DS) diet or a diet high in RS (34%) for 2 consecutive periods of 14 d in a crossover design. Analysis of the colonic transcriptome profiles revealed that, upon RS feeding, oxidative metabolic pathways, such as the tricarboxylic acid cycle and β-oxidation, were induced, whereas many immune response pathways, including adaptive and innate immune system, as well as cell division were suppressed. The nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ was identified as a potential key upstream regulator. RS significantly (P < 0.05) increased the relative abundance of several butyrate-producing microbial groups, including the butyrate producers Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and Megasphaera elsdenii, and reduced the abundance of potentially pathogenic members of the genus Leptospira and the phylum Proteobacteria. Concentrations in carotid plasma of the 3 main short-chain fatty acids acetate, propionate, and butyrate were significantly higher with RS consumption compared with DS consumption. Overall, this study provides novel insights on effects of RS in proximal colon and contributes to our understanding of a healthy diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniëlle Haenen
- Nutrition Metabolism and Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition, 5Adaptation Physiology Group, 6Animal Nutrition Group, 7Laboratory of Microbiology, and 8Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Zhou J, Keenan MJ, Fernandez-Kim SO, Pistell PJ, Ingram DK, Li B, Raggio AM, Shen L, Zhang H, McCutcheon KL, Tulley RT, Blackman MR, Keller JN, Martin RJ. Dietary resistant starch improves selected brain and behavioral functions in adult and aged rodents. Mol Nutr Food Res 2013; 57:2071-4. [PMID: 23818307 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201300135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Revised: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Resistant starch (RS) is a dietary fiber that exerts multiple beneficial effects. The current study explored the effects of dietary RS on selected brain and behavioral functions in adult and aged rodents. Because glucokinase (GK) expression in hypothalamic arcuate nucleus and area postrema of the brainstem is important for brain glucose sensing, GK mRNA was measured by brain nuclei microdissection and PCR. Adult RS-fed rats had a higher GK mRNA than controls in both brain nuclei, an indicator of improved brain glucose sensing. Next, we tested whether dietary RS improve selected behaviors in aged mice. RS-fed aged mice exhibited (i) an increased eating responses to fasting, a behavioral indicator of improvement in aged brain glucose sensing; (ii) a longer latency to fall from an accelerating rotarod, a behavioral indicator of improved motor coordination; and (iii) a higher serum active glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1). Then, GLP-1 receptor null (GLP-1RKO) mice were used to test the role of GLP-1 in brain glucose sensing, and they exhibited impaired eating responses to fasting. We conclude that in rodents (i) dietary RS improves two important indicators of brain function: glucose sensing and motor coordination, and (ii) GLP-1 is important in the optimal feeding response to a fast.
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Affiliation(s)
- June Zhou
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, USA; Research Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
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