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Foster C, Casado A, Bok D, Hofmann P, Bakken M, Tjelta A, Manso JG, Boullosa D, de Koning JJ. History and perspectives on interval training in sport, health, and disease. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2025; 50:1-16. [PMID: 40272275 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2023-0611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2025]
Abstract
Exercise can be conducted as low-intensity continuous training (LICT) or a variety of higher intensity work/rest formats, collectively called interval training. Interval training was developed for athletes in the early 20th century. It was systemized in Sweden as Fartlek, and in Germany as die interval Method, in the 1930s. Most contemporary forms of interval training evolved from these progenitors. In essence, interval training allows a large volume of high-intensity or race specific training to be performed while controlling the development of fatigue. Adding interval training to LICT done by athletes adds about 2%-4% to performance achievable with LICT, which represents a competitively meaningful difference in performance (e.g., 4:25 vs. 4:00 over 1 mile). More recently, interval training has been applied to health- fitness participants and even to patients with health conditions. Studies indicate that a comparatively low volume of interval training can produce substantial improvement in physiologic capacity, in as little as 20% of training time versus LICT. There are data indicating that interval training can be reasonably pleasant, have good adherence, and is safe, even in patients. Although interval training was originally designed for athletics, the fundamental patterns of work versus recovery are remarkably similar in healthy adults and patients. Although the total volume of training and both absolute and relative intensity and magnitude of homeostatic disturbance are larger in athletes, the overall pattern of effort is the same in fitness participants and patients. Interval training can thus be characterized as an important step in the evolution of exercise training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Foster
- Department of Exercise and Sports Science, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, La Crosse, WI, USA
| | - Arturo Casado
- Centre for Sport Studies, Rey Juan Carlos University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Bok
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Peter Hofmann
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport & Health, Exercise Physiology, Training & Training Therapy Research Group, University of GRAZ, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Asle Tjelta
- Department of Health and Sports Science, St Svithun High School, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Juan Garcia Manso
- Departamento de Educación Física, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain
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Song Y, Lan H. The Effects of High-Intensity Interval Training on Cardiometabolic Health in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Sports Sci Med 2024; 23:690-706. [PMID: 39649559 PMCID: PMC11622044 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2024.690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/21/2024] [Indexed: 12/11/2024]
Abstract
High-intensity interval training (HIIT) interventions are typically prescribed according to several laboratory-based parameters and fixed reference intensities to accurately calibrate exercise intensity. Repeated all-out printing efforts, or sprint interval training, is another form of HIIT that is prescribed without individual reference intensity as it is performed in maximal intensities. No previous study has performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate the effect of HIIT and SIT on cardiometabolic health markers in children and adolescents. Moreover, previous studies have focused on single risk factors and exercise modalities, which may restrict their ability to capture a complete picture of the factors that could be affected by different interval interventions. The present study aimed to conduct a novel meta-analysis on the effects of HIIT and SIT on multiple cardiometabolic health markers in children and adolescents. An electronic search was conducted in three main online databases including PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus were searched from inception to July 2024 to identify randomized and non-randomized control trials comparing HIIT and SIT versus the non-exercise control group in children and adolescents with mean age ranges from 6 to 18 years old on cardiometabolic health markers including fasting glucose and insulin, insulin resistance, triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), systolic blood (SBP) and diastolic blood (DBP) pressures. Standardized mean differences (SMD), weighted mean differences (WMD), and confidence were calculated using a random effect model. HIIT decreased insulin, insulin resistance, TG, TC, LDL, and SBP and increased HDL but did not decrease glucose and DBP. Furthermore, subgroup analyses show that insulin and insulin resistance were decreased by sprint interval training (SIT) and in those with obesity. Lipid profile mainly is improved by SIT and in those with obesity. Also, SBP was decreased by SIT and in those with obesity. Our results prove that HIIT is an effective intervention for improving cardiometabolic health in children and adolescents, mainly those with obesity. Specifically, SIT is an effective interval training mode in children and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Song
- Physical Education Department, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing, China
- Faculty of Social Sciences and Liberal Arts, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Huihui Lan
- Faculty of Social Sciences and Liberal Arts, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Poon ETC, Li HY, Little JP, Wong SHS, Ho RST. Efficacy of Interval Training in Improving Body Composition and Adiposity in Apparently Healthy Adults: An Umbrella Review with Meta-Analysis. Sports Med 2024; 54:2817-2840. [PMID: 39003682 PMCID: PMC11560999 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-024-02070-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the efficacy of interval training for improving body composition has been summarized in an increasing number of systematic reviews in recent years, discrepancies in review findings and conclusions have been observed. OBJECTIVE This study aims to synthesize the available evidence on the efficacy of interval training compared with moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) and nonexercise control (CON) in reducing body adiposity in apparently healthy adults. METHODS An umbrella review with meta-analysis was performed. A systematic search was conducted in seven databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Database, CINAHL, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science) up to October 2023. Systematic reviews with meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing interval training and MICT/CON were included. Literature selection, data extraction, and methodological quality assessment (AMSTAR-2) were conducted independently by two reviewers. Meta-analyses were performed using a random-effects model. Subgroup analyses were conducted based on the type of interval training [high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and sprint interval training (SIT)], intervention duration, body mass index, exercise modality, and volume of HIIT protocols. RESULTS Sixteen systematic reviews, including 79 RCTs and 2474 unique participants, met the inclusion criteria. Most systematic reviews had a critically low (n = 6) or low (n = 6) AMSTAR-2 score. Interval training demonstrated significantly greater reductions in total body fat percent (BF%) compared with MICT [weighted mean difference (WMD) of - 0.77%; 95% confidence interval (CI) - 1.12 to - 0.32%] and CON (WMD of - 1.50%; 95% CI - 2.40 to - 0.58%). Significant reductions in fat mass, visceral adipose tissue, subcutaneous abdominal fat, and android abdominal fat were also observed following interval training compared to CON. Subgroup analyses indicated that both HIIT and SIT resulted in superior BF% loss than MICT. These benefits appeared to be more prominent in individuals with overweight/obesity and longer duration interventions (≥ 12 weeks), as well as in protocols using cycling as a modality and low-volume HIIT (i.e., < 15 min of high-intensity exercise per session). CONCLUSIONS This novel umbrella review with large-scale meta-analysis provides an updated synthesis of evidence with implications for physical activity guideline recommendations. The findings support interval training as a viable exercise strategy for reducing adiposity in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Tsz-Chun Poon
- Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Hong-Yat Li
- Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Jonathan Peter Little
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Stephen Heung-Sang Wong
- Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Robin Sze-Tak Ho
- Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong.
- Physical Education Unit, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong.
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Hong S, Oh M, Oh CG, Lee HD, Suh SH, Park H, Lalande S, Tanaka H, Jeon JY. Cardiorespiratory and aerobic demands of squat exercise. Sci Rep 2024; 14:18383. [PMID: 39117711 PMCID: PMC11310470 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-68187-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Squatting, a traditional resistance exercise classified as strength training, relies on anaerobic pathways, but its aerobic aspects remain unclear. We examined heart rate and oxygen demand during squats, exploring variations across different strength statuses. It fills gaps in understanding the cardiorespiratory effects of squatting, especially during multiple sets. Twenty-two young healthy resistance trained men (age: 28 ± 4 years) participated. Maximal oxygen consumption (V̇O2max) and 1 repetition maximum (RM) of squat were measured. Participants performed 5 sets of squat exercises at 65% of 1RM for 10 repetitions with 3-min rest intervals. Heart rate and pulmonary gas exchange were measured during the squat exercise. Participants were divided into high strength (HS; upper 50%) and low strength (LS; lower 50%) groups based on a median split of their 1 RM squat values (normalized to their body weight). During 5 sets of squat exercise, oxygen consumption (V̇O2) increased up to 47.8 ± 8.9 ml/kg/min, corresponding to 100.6% of predetermined V̇O2max. The HS group achieved a greater highest point of V̇O2 in relation to V̇O2max than the LS group (108.0 vs. 93.7%). During the exercise intervals, V̇O2 exceeded V̇CO2, while during the rest intervals, V̇CO2 surpassed V̇O2. Our findings suggest that the oxygen demand during squatting is notably substantial, which may vary according to the training status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunghyun Hong
- Department of Sport Industry Studies, Yonsei University, 50 Yonseiro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Minsuk Oh
- Department of Sport Industry Studies, Yonsei University, 50 Yonseiro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
- Frontier Research Institute of Convergence Sports Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
- Exercise Medicine Center for Diabetes and Cancer Patients, ICONS, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chang-Geun Oh
- Department of Sport Industry Studies, Yonsei University, 50 Yonseiro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Hae-Dong Lee
- Deaprtment of Physical Education, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sang-Hoon Suh
- Deaprtment of Physical Education, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyon Park
- Department of Sports Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, South Korea
| | - Sophie Lalande
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Hirofumi Tanaka
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Justin Y Jeon
- Department of Sport Industry Studies, Yonsei University, 50 Yonseiro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, South Korea.
- Frontier Research Institute of Convergence Sports Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea.
- Exercise Medicine Center for Diabetes and Cancer Patients, ICONS, Seoul, South Korea.
- Cancer Prevention Center, Severance Hospital, Seoul, South Korea.
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Martin-Rivera F, Maroto-Izquierdo S, García-López D, Alarcón-Gómez J. Exercise interventions for patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus: A narrative review with practical recommendations. World J Diabetes 2023; 14:539-548. [PMID: 37273254 PMCID: PMC10236987 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v14.i5.539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a chronic endocrine disease that results from autoimmune destruction of pancreatic insulin-producing β cells, which can lead to microvascular (e.g., retinopathy, neuropathy, and nephropathy) and macro-vascular complications (e.g., coronary arterial disease, peripheral artery disease, stroke, and heart failure) as a consequence of chronic hyperglycemia. Despite the widely available and compelling evidence that regular exercise is an efficient strategy to prevent cardiovascular disease and to improve functional capacity and psychological well-being in people with T1DM, over 60% of individuals with T1DM do not exercise regularly. It is, therefore, crucial to devise approaches to motivate patients with T1DM to exercise, to adhere to a training program, and to inform them of its specific characteristics (e.g., exercise mode, intensity, volume, and frequency). Moreover, given the metabolic alterations that occur during acute bouts of exercise in T1DM patients, exercise prescription in this population should be carefully analyzed to maximize its benefits and to reduce its potential risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Martin-Rivera
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Valencia, Valencia 46010, Spain
| | - Sergio Maroto-Izquierdo
- Department of Health Sciences, Miguel de Cervantes European University, Valladolid 47012, Spain
| | - David García-López
- Department of Health Sciences, Miguel de Cervantes European University, Valladolid 47012, Spain
| | - Jesús Alarcón-Gómez
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Valencia, Valencia 46010, Spain
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Guo Z, Li M, Cai J, Gong W, Liu Y, Liu Z. Effect of High-Intensity Interval Training vs. Moderate-Intensity Continuous Training on Fat Loss and Cardiorespiratory Fitness in the Young and Middle-Aged a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:4741. [PMID: 36981649 PMCID: PMC10048683 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20064741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This systematic review is conducted to evaluate the effect of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) on body composition and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) in the young and middle-aged. METHODS Seven databases were searched from their inception to 22 October 2022 for studies (randomized controlled trials only) with HIIT and MICT intervention. Meta-analysis was carried out for within-group (pre-intervention vs. post-intervention) and between-group (HIIT vs. MICT) comparisons for change in body mass (BM), body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), percent fat mass (PFM), fat mass (FM), fat-free mass (FFM), and CRF. RESULTS A total of 1738 studies were retrieved from the database, and 29 studies were included in the meta-analysis. Within-group analyses indicated that both HIIT and MICT can bring significant improvement in body composition and CRF, except for FFM. Between-group analyses found that compared to MICT, HIIT brings significant benefits to WC, PFM, and VO2peak. CONCLUSIONS The effect of HIIT on fat loss and CRF in the young and middle-aged is similar to or better than MICT, which might be influenced by age (18-45 years), complications (obesity), duration (>6 weeks), frequency, and HIIT interval. Despite the clinical significance of the improvement being limited, HIIT appears to be more time-saving and enjoyable than MICT.
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Shandu NM, Mathunjwa ML, Shaw BS, Shaw I. Effects of High-Intensity Interval Training and Continuous Aerobic Training on Health-Fitness, Health Related Quality of Life, and Psychological Measures in College-Aged Smokers. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 20:ijerph20010653. [PMID: 36612974 PMCID: PMC9819471 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20010653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The study examined the effects of exercise on health-fitness, health related quality of life (HRQOL), and psychological measures in college-aged smokers. Outcomes included HRQOL, hemodynamic, anthropometric, lung function, and cardiorespiratory endurance. Sixty physically inactive college-aged male smokers (18-30 years) were randomly assigned into three groups: high-intensity interval training (HIIT), continuous aerobic training (CAT), and a control (CON). Both HIIT and CAT groups completed 8 weeks of non-consecutive cycling sessions thrice weekly. The CON group were not subjected to the exercise intervention. Sixty participants met the inclusion criteria. Of these, 48 (HIIT: n = 18, CAT: n = 16, CON: n = 14) participants completed the study and were included in the final analysis. Compared to CON, HIIT significantly (p = 0.01) improved forced expiratory flow (FEF_75%) more than the CAT group (p = 0.29). HIIT provided a significant (p = 0.04) improvement in FEF_75% compared to CAT. Recovery heart rate (RHR) was significantly improved in participants assigned to HIIT (p = 0.00) and CAT (p = 0.002) groups compared with the CON. A significant difference in RHR was found in HIIT compared to CAT. The study findings indicate that both HIIT and CAT exercise interventions significantly improve markers of lung function and cardiorespiratory endurance, respectively. However, findings suggested that HIIT should be the preferred form of exercise regime among college-aged smokers for more significant, healthier benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nduduzo Msizi Shandu
- Department of Human Movement Science, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa
| | - Musa Lewis Mathunjwa
- Department of Human Movement Science, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa
| | - Brandon Stuwart Shaw
- School of Sport, Rehabilitation and Exercise Science, University of Essex, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Ina Shaw
- School of Sport, Rehabilitation and Exercise Science, University of Essex, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK
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Wang R, Zhang X, Ren H, Zhou H, Yuan Y, Chai Y, Hou X. Effects of different exercise types on visceral fat in young individuals with obesity aged 6-24 years old: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Physiol 2022; 13:987804. [PMID: 36246116 PMCID: PMC9562999 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.987804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The prevalence of pediatric obesity remains high all over the world. Various exercise interventions have been applied to decrease the visceral fat in young individuals with obesity. But the evidence remains controversial on the effect of the exercise on visceral fat. Moreover, it is unclear which type of the exercise is the most effective for young individuals with overweight or obesity to reduce visceral fat. Objective: The objective of this review and meta-analysis is to evaluate and compare the effectiveness of different exercise interventions on visceral fat in young individuals with overweight or obesity. Methods: Four databases consisting of PubMed, Web of Science, EBSCO, and Cochrane Library were searched prior to May 2022. Fifteen studies with a total of 30 data points involving 1,134 participants were included in this meta-analysis. And the interventions were limited to 4 exercise types [i.e., aerobic exercise (AE), resistance exercise (RE), aerobic exercise combined with resistance exercise (CE), and high-intensity interval training (HIIT)]. Data Synthesis: The results showed that AE (Standardized Mean Difference = -0.32; 95% CI = -0.50 to -0.13; p = 0.0007; I2 = 37%) and HIIT (SMD = -0.59; 95% CI = -0.87 to -0.31; p < 0.0001; I2 = 0%) had a significant reduction effect on visceral fat. And the effect of HIIT seemed better than AE. However, RE (SMD = -0.58; 95% CI = -1.34 to 0.17; p = 0.13; I2 = 76%) and CE (SMD = -0.21; 95% CI = -0.81 to 0.38; p = 0.48; I2 = 63%) had a non-significant effect on visceral fat decline. Additionally, compared with the control group, exercise interventions had a significant effect on reducing visceral fat in adolescents (SMD = -0.54; 95% CI = -0.82 to -0.26; p = 0.0001; I2 = 64%) and young adults (SMD = -0.42; 95% CI = -0.69 to -0.15; p = 0.003; I2 = 0%) rather than children (SMD = -0.15; 95% CI = -0.32 to 0.02; p = 0.08; I2 = 0%). And the gender-based subgroup analysis indicated that the effectiveness of the exercise on the reduction of visceral fat was more significant in males (SMD = -1.27; 95% CI = -1.67 to -0.87; p < 0.00001; I2 = 0%) than that in females (SMD = -0.31; 95% CI = -0.48 to -0.14; p = 0.0004; I2 = 0%). Conclusion: This review and meta-analysis demonstrates that exercise interventions are efficient to decrease visceral fat in adolescents (12-18 years old) and young adults (18-24 years old). Among different exercise types, AE and HIIT are helpful for young individuals with overweight or obesity to reduce visceral fat and HIIT appears to be the most effective exercise intervention. In addition, the effect of exercise interventions on the consumption of visceral fat is more significant in males than that in females. Systematic Review Registration: [http://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO], identifier [CRD42022310878].
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Wang
- School of Sport Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Zhang
- Department of Physical Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Ren
- School of Sport Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Huixuan Zhou
- School of Sport Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Yaqing Yuan
- College of Sports and Health, Shandong Sport University, Shandong, China
| | - Yunlong Chai
- Department of Physical Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Hou
- School of Sport Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Xiao Hou,
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Sarma MS, Ocobock CJ, Martin S, Rochelle S, Croom BP, Gettler LT. Sex differences and shifts in body composition, physical activity, and total energy expenditure across a 3-month expedition. Am J Hum Biol 2022; 34:e23634. [PMID: 34181295 PMCID: PMC8712621 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES An energetically demanding environment like a wilderness expedition can lead to potent stressors on human physiology and homeostatic balance causing shifts in energy expenditure and body composition. These shifts likely have consequences on overall health and performance and may potentially differ by sex. It is therefore critical to understand the potential differential body composition and energy expenditure changes in response to a novel and challenging environment in both males and female bodies. METHODS Data were collected from 75 healthy individuals (female = 41; ages 18-53) throughout a 3-month long expedition in the American Rockies. Body mass, body fat, and lean muscle mass were measured before, during, and after the course. Physical activity intensity and energy expenditure were also measured in a subset of participants using the wGT3X-BT Actigraph wrist monitor and an accompanying Bluetooth heart rate monitor. RESULTS Over the 3-month period, individuals initially experienced declines in body mass, body fat percentage, and lean muscle mass. Participants partially rebounded from these deficits to maintain overall body mass with a slight recomposition of body fat and lean muscle mass. Our data also demonstrated that sex moderated total energy expenditure, where females experienced a modest decline whereas males experienced an increase in energy expenditure from the beginning to the end of the course. CONCLUSIONS Understanding changes in energy storage in the body and variation in energy expenditure between sexes during a 3-month expedition has critical implications for maintaining health and performance in an energetically demanding environment where resources may be scarce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallika S. Sarma
- Human Spaceflight Lab, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205,Corresponding author’s information: Mallika S. Sarma, Ph.D., Postdoctoral Research Fellow, 710 Ross Research Building, Human Spaceflight Lab, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, Phone: 248-930-2729,
| | - Cara J. Ocobock
- Department of Anthropology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556,The Eck Institute for Global health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556
| | - Sarah Martin
- NOLS Rocky Mountain, The National Outdoor Leadership School, Lander, WY, 82520
| | - Shannon Rochelle
- NOLS Rocky Mountain, The National Outdoor Leadership School, Lander, WY, 82520
| | | | - Lee T. Gettler
- Department of Anthropology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556,The Eck Institute for Global health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556
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Papadakis Z, Forsse JS, Peterson MN. Effects of High-Intensity Interval Exercise and Acute Partial Sleep Deprivation on Cardiac Autonomic Modulation. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2021; 92:824-842. [PMID: 32841103 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2020.1788206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Sleep deprivation in healthy adults has been associated with disrupted autonomic nervous system function, which in turn has been linked to cardiovascular health. High-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) may affect both sleep and cardiac autonomic modulation. Purpose: To investigate the impact of acute partial sleep deprivation on autonomic cardiac regulation before and after an acute bout of HIIE and the length of time for the autonomic system to return to resting levels. Methods: Fifteen healthy males with body mass index (BMI) of 25.8 ± 2.7 kg·m-2 and age 31 ± 5 y participated in a reference sleep (~9.5 hr) with no HIIE (RS), a reference sleep with HIIE (RSX), and an acute partial sleep deprivation (~3.5 hr) with HIIE (SDX). HIIE was performed in 3:2 intervals at 90% and 40% of VO2 reserve. Autonomic regulation through HRV selected time and frequency domain indices were recorded the night before, the morning of the next day, 1 hr-, 2 hr-, 4hr-, and 6-hr post-exercise. Results: HIIE performed in a 3:2 W:R ratio decreased the HRV (p < .05) at 1-hr post exercise and it took up to 4 hr to return to baseline levels. Parasympathetic related HRV indices increased the morning of the next day for SDX (p < .05). Acute partial sleep deprivation and HIIE did not modify the HRV responses compared to reference sleep and HIIE. Conclusion: HRV disturbance typically seen in responses to an acute episode of HIIE is not influenced by acute partial sleep deprivation.
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Zhu L, Liu J, Yu Y, Tian Z. Effect of high-intensity interval training on cardiometabolic risk factors in childhood obesity: a meta-analysis. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2021; 61:743-752. [PMID: 33975429 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.20.11329-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This systematic review with meta-analysis aimed to quantify the effectiveness of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on the cardiometabolic health of obese children and adolescents. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION Relevant articles were sourced from PubMed, Embase, the Web of Science, EBSCO, the Cochrane Library and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI). Randomized controlled trials were included if they employed participants aged 7-19 years. Outcomes included fasting glucose (FG), fasting insulin (FI), homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), triacylglycerol (TG), total cholesterol (TC), systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were measured at baseline and postintervention and compared with those in the control group. Data analysis and synthesis were completed by Revman 5.3 software and Stata 12.0 software (StataCorp LLC., College Station, TX, USA). EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS Eight trials involving 379 participants were identified. HIIT significantly decreased the FI, HOMA-IR, TC, TG, LDL-c and SBP in participants with obesity. With regard to changes in blood glucose and lipids, participants who underwent HIIT showed great improvement in FI (mean difference: -3.09 µU/mL, 95% confidence interval [CI] -3.71 to -2.46, P<0.0001), HOMA-IR (mean difference: -0.64, 95% CI -0.82 to -0.46, P<0.0001), TG (mean difference: -0.21 mmol/L, 95% CI -0.31 to -0.10, P<0.0001) and LDL-c (mean difference: -0.35 mmol/L, 95% CI -0.48 to -0.22, P<0.001) than the control group. Similar results were found for SBP (mean difference: -3.61 mmHg, 95% CI -5.85 to -1.37, P=0.002). However, no significant differences in changes in FG, HDL-c and DBP were observed between HIIT and control groups. CONCLUSIONS HIIT can produce a positive effect on cardiometabolic risk factors in obese children and adolescents. HIIT may be an alternative and effective training method for managing childhood obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhu
- Research Center for Physical Fitness and Health Promotion of Adolescent, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China - .,Department of Sports and Health, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China -
| | - Jingxin Liu
- Research Center for Physical Fitness and Health Promotion of Adolescent, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Research Center for Physical Fitness and Health Promotion of Adolescent, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Sports and Health, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zheng Tian
- Department of Sports and Health, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
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12
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Ramírez-Vélez R, Tordecilla-Sanders A, Téllez-T LA, Camelo-Prieto D, Hernández-Quiñonez PA, Correa-Bautista JE, Garcia-Hermoso A, Ramírez-Campillo R, Izquierdo M. Effect of Moderate- Versus High-Intensity Interval Exercise Training on Heart Rate Variability Parameters in Inactive Latin-American Adults: A Randomized Clinical Trial. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 34:3403-3415. [PMID: 28198783 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Ramírez-Vélez, R, Tordecilla-Sanders, A, Téllez-T, LA, Camelo-Prieto, D, Hernández-Quiñonez, PA, Correa-Bautista, JE, Garcia-Hermoso, A, Ramírez-Campillo, R, and Izquierdo, M. Effect of moderate- versus high-intensity interval exercise training on heart rate variability parameters in inactive Latin-American adults: a randomized clinical trial. J Strength Cond Res 34(12): 3403-3415, 2020-We investigated the effect of moderate versus high-intensity interval exercise training on the heart rate variability (HRV) indices in physically inactive adults. Twenty inactive adults were randomly allocated to receive either moderate-intensity training (MCT group) or high-intensity interval training (HIT group). The MCT group performed aerobic training at an intensity of 55-75%, which consisted of walking on a treadmill at 60-80% of the maximum heart rate (HRmax) until the expenditure of 300 kcal. The HIT group ran on a treadmill for 4 minutes at 85-95% peak HRmax and had a recovery of 4 minutes at 65% peak HRmax until the expenditure of 300 kcal. Supine resting HRV indices (time domain: SDNN = SD of normal-to-normal intervals; rMSSD = root mean square successive difference of R-R intervals and frequency domain: HFLn = high-frequency spectral power; LF = low-frequency spectral power and HF/LF ratio) were measured at baseline and 12 weeks thereafter. The SDNN changes were 3.4 (8.9) milliseconds in the MCT group and 29.1 (7.6) milliseconds in the HIT group {difference between groups 32.6 (95% confidence interval, 24.9 to 40.4 [p = 0.01])}. The LF/HFLn ratio changes were 0.19 (0.03) milliseconds in the MCT group and 0.13 (0.01) milliseconds in the HIT group (p between groups = 0.016). No significant group differences were observed for the rMSSD, HF, and LF parameters. In inactive adults, this study showed that a 12-week HIT training program could increase short-term HRV, mostly in vagally mediated indices such as SDNN and HF/LFLn ratio power. Trial registration. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02738385 https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01796275, registered on March 23, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robinson Ramírez-Vélez
- Center of Studies in Physical Activity Measurements, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rosario, Bogotá, District Capital, Colombia
| | - Alejandra Tordecilla-Sanders
- Center of Studies in Physical Activity Measurements, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rosario, Bogotá, District Capital, Colombia
| | - Luis A Téllez-T
- GICAEDS Group, Faculty of Physical Culture, Sport and Recreation, Saint Thomas University, Bogotá, District Capital, Colombia
| | - Diana Camelo-Prieto
- GICAEDS Group, Faculty of Physical Culture, Sport and Recreation, Saint Thomas University, Bogotá, District Capital, Colombia
| | - Paula A Hernández-Quiñonez
- Center of Studies in Physical Activity Measurements, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rosario, Bogotá, District Capital, Colombia
| | - Jorge E Correa-Bautista
- Center of Studies in Physical Activity Measurements, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rosario, Bogotá, District Capital, Colombia
| | - Antonio Garcia-Hermoso
- School of Physical Activity, Sport and Health Sciences, University of Santiago, Chile, USACH, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Mikel Izquierdo
- Department of Health Sciences, Public University of Navarra, Center for Biomedical Research in Network (CIBER) of Fragility and Healthy Aging (CB16/10/00315), Pamplona, Navarre, Spain
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13
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Mattioni Maturana F, Martus P, Zipfel S, NIEß AM. Effectiveness of HIIE versus MICT in Improving Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Health and Disease: A Meta-analysis. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2021; 53:559-573. [PMID: 32890201 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We aimed to investigate differences between high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE, including high-intensity interval training and sprint interval training) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) on physical fitness, body composition, blood pressure, blood lipids, insulin and glucose metabolism, inflammation, and endothelial function. METHODS Differences between HIIE and MICT were summarized using a random-effects meta-analysis on the effect size (Cohen's d). A meta-regression was conducted using the following subgroups: population, age, training duration, men ratio, exercise type, baseline values (clinical relevant ranges), and type of HIIE. Studies were included if at least one of the following outcomes were reported: maximal oxygen uptake (V˙O2max), flow-mediated dilation (FMD), body mass index (BMI), body mass, percent body fat, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), triglycerides, total cholesterol, C-reactive protein (CRP), fasting glucose and insulin, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). A total of 55 studies were included. RESULTS Overall, HIIE was superior to MICT in improving V˙O2max (d = 0.40, P < 0.001) and FMD (d = 0.54, P < 0.05). Oppositely, MICT was superior to HIIE in improving HbA1c (d = -0.27, P < 0.05). No differences were observed in BMI (d = -0.02), body mass (d = -0.05), percent body fat (d = 0.04), systolic blood pressure (d = -0.04), diastolic blood pressure (d = 0.03), HDL (d = -0.05), LDL (d = 0.08), triglycerides (d = 0.03), total cholesterol (d = 0.14), CRP (d = -0.11), fasting insulin (d = 0.02), fasting glucose (d = 0.02), and HOMA-IR (d = -0.04). Moderator analyses indicated that the difference between HIIE and MICT was affected by different subgroups. CONCLUSION Overall, HIIE showed to be more effective in improving cardiovascular health and cardiorespiratory fitness, whereas MICT was superior in improving long-term glucose metabolism. In the process of personalized training counseling, health-enhancing effects of exercise training may be improved by considering the individual risk profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter Martus
- Clinical Epidemiology and Applied Biometrics Department, University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, GERMANY
| | - Stephan Zipfel
- Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy Department, University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, GERMANY
| | - Andreas M NIEß
- Sports Medicine Department, University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, GERMANY
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14
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Hu M, Kong Z, Sun S, Zou L, Shi Q, Chow BC, Nie J. Interval training causes the same exercise enjoyment as moderate-intensity training to improve cardiorespiratory fitness and body composition in young Chinese women with elevated BMI. J Sports Sci 2021; 39:1677-1686. [PMID: 33634738 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2021.1892946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the effects of 12 weeks of sprint interval training (SIT), high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) on cardiorespiratory fitness (peak oxygen uptake, VO2peak), body composition and physical activity enjoyment in overweight young women. Sixty-six participants (age 21.2 ± 1.4 years, body mass index (BMI) 26.0 ± 3.0 kg·m-2, body fat percentage 39.0 ± 2.8%) were randomly assigned to non-exercise control (CON), thrice-weekly SIT (80 × 6 s "all-out" cycling interspersed with 9 s rest), and HIIT (4 min cycling at 90% VO2peak followed with 3 min recovery for ~ 60 min) or MICT (~ 65 min continuous cycling at 60% VO2peak) with equivalent mechanical work (200/300 KJ). Compared to the CON group, all three training groups had significant and similar improvements in VO2peak (~ +20%, d = 2.5-3.4), fat mass (~ -10%, d = 1.3-2.1) and body fat percentage (~ -5%, d = 1.0-1.1) after a 12-week intervention. Similar high levels of enjoyment were observed among groups for most (~70%) of the training sessions. The findings suggest that the three training regimes are equally enjoyable and could result in similar improvements in cardiorespiratory fitness and body composition in overweight/obese young women, but SIT is a more time-efficient strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhu Hu
- Faculty of Education, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Zhaowei Kong
- Faculty of Education, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Shengyan Sun
- Institute of Physical Education, Huzhou University, Huzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liye Zou
- Exercise and Mental Health Laboratory, School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qingde Shi
- School of Health Sciences and Sports, Macao Polytechnic Institute, Macao, China
| | - Bik Chu Chow
- Department of Sport, Physical Education and Health, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jinlei Nie
- School of Health Sciences and Sports, Macao Polytechnic Institute, Macao, China
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15
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Iraji H, Minasian V, Kelishadi R. Changes in Liver Enzymes and Metabolic Profile in Adolescents with Fatty Liver following Exercise Interventions. Pediatr Gastroenterol Hepatol Nutr 2021; 24:54-64. [PMID: 33505894 PMCID: PMC7813572 DOI: 10.5223/pghn.2021.24.1.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most frequent cause of chronic liver diseases in both adults and children with obesity. The aim of this study was to compare the changes in liver enzymes and metabolic profile in adolescents with fatty liver following selected school-based exercise (SBE) and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) interventions. METHODS In a semi-experimental study, 34 obese male adolescents with clinically defined NAFLD were divided into the HIIT (n=11, age=12.81±1.02 years, body mass index [BMI]=26.68 ±2.32 kg/m2), selected SBE (n=11, age=13.39±0.95 years, BMI=26.47±1.74 kg/m2), and control (n=12, age=13.14±1.49 years, BMI=26.45±2.21 kg/m2) groups. The ultrasonography NAFLD grade, peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak), lipid profile, insulin resistance, and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels of the participants were measured before and after the exercise interventions. RESULTS The BMI, waist-to-hip ratio, and body fat percentage of the participants decreased, and a significant increase in VO2peak was observed after the intervention; however, the HIIT group showed a significant improvement compared with the SBE group (p<0.01). Significant reductions were observed in the levels of insulin resistance, triglyceride, total cholesterol, ALT, and AST in both groups, although high-density lipoprotein levels decreased only in the HIIT group (p<0.01). Further, a significant reduction in low-density lipoprotein level was observed in the training groups (p<0.01), but this decrease was not significant compared with the control group (p>0.01). CONCLUSION HIIT and SBE are equally effective in improving health parameters in obese children and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamdollah Iraji
- Department of Exercise Physiology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Vazgen Minasian
- Department of Exercise Physiology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Roya Kelishadi
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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The Effect of Low-Volume High-Intensity Interval Training on Body Composition and Cardiorespiratory Fitness: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Med 2020; 49:1687-1721. [PMID: 31401727 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-019-01167-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence for the efficacy of low-volume high-intensity interval training (HIIT) for the modulation of body composition is unclear. OBJECTIVES We examined the effect of low-volume HIIT versus a non-exercising control and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) on body composition and cardiorespiratory fitness in normal weight, overweight and obese adults. We evaluated the impact of low-volume HIIT (HIIT interventions where the total amount of exercise performed during training was ≤ 500 metabolic equivalent minutes per week [MET-min/week]) compared to a non-exercising control and MICT. METHODS A database search was conducted in PubMed (MEDLINE), EMBASE, CINAHL, Web of Science, SPORTDiscus and Scopus from the earliest record to June 2019 for studies (randomised controlled trials and non-randomised controlled trials) with exercise training interventions with a minimum 4-week duration. Meta-analyses were conducted for between-group (low-volume HIIT vs. non-exercising control and low-volume HIIT vs. MICT) comparisons for change in total body fat mass (kg), body fat percentage (%), lean body mass (kg) and cardiorespiratory fitness. RESULTS From 11,485 relevant records, 47 studies were included. No difference was found between low-volume HIIT and a non-exercising control on total body fat mass (kg) (effect size [ES]: - 0.129, 95% confidence interval [CI] - 0.468 to 0.210; p = 0.455), body fat (%) (ES: - 0.063, 95% CI - 0.383 to 0.257; p = 0.700) and lean body mass (kg) (ES: 0.050, 95% CI - 0.250 to 0.351; p = 0.744), or between low-volume HIIT and MICT on total body fat mass (kg) (ES: - 0.021, 95% CI - 0.272 to 0.231; p = 0.872), body fat (%) (ES: 0.005, 95% CI - 0.294 to 0.304; p = 0.974) and lean body mass (kg) (ES: 0.030, 95% CI - 0.167 to 0.266; p = 0.768). However, low-volume HIIT significantly improved cardiorespiratory fitness compared with a non-exercising control (p < 0.001) and MICT (p = 0.017). CONCLUSION These data suggest that low-volume HIIT is inefficient for the modulation of total body fat mass or total body fat percentage in comparison with a non-exercise control and MICT. A novel finding of our meta-analysis was that there appears to be no significant effect of low-volume HIIT on lean body mass when compared with a non-exercising control, and while most studies tended to favour improvement in lean body mass with low-volume HIIT versus MICT, this was not significant. However, despite its lower training volume, low-volume HIIT induces greater improvements in cardiorespiratory fitness than a non-exercising control and MICT in normal weight, overweight and obese adults. Low-volume HIIT, therefore, appears to be a time-efficient treatment for increasing fitness, but not for the improvement of body composition.
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17
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Liu J, Zhu L, Su Y. Comparative Effectiveness of High-Intensity Interval Training and Moderate-Intensity Continuous Training for Cardiometabolic Risk Factors and Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Childhood Obesity: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Front Physiol 2020; 11:214. [PMID: 32308627 PMCID: PMC7145974 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: The main objective of this meta-analysis was to compare the effectiveness of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and of moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) on cardiometabolic health in childhood obesity and determine whether HIIT is a superior form of training in managing obese children's metabolic health. Methods: Relevant studies published in PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, the Cochrane Library, EBSCO, and CNKI were searched, restricted to those published from inception to 1 October 2019. Only randomized controlled trials (RCTs) depicting the effect of HIIT on childhood obesity were included. Results: Nine RCTs involving 309 participants were included in the meta-analysis. Among the 309 participants, 158 subjects were randomized for HIIT, while the others were randomized for MICT. Significant differences were observed in the body weight (mean difference [MD] = −5.45 kg, p = 0.001), body mass index (BMI; MD = −1.661 kg/m2, p = 0.0001), systolic blood pressure (SBP; MD = −3.994 mmHg, p = 0.003), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP; MD = −3.087 mmHg, p = 0.0001) in the HIIT group relative to the baseline values. Similar effects were found in the MICT group, as depicted by the significantly decreased values for body weight (MD = −4.604 kg, p = 0.0001), BMI (MD = −2.366 kg/m2, p = 0.0001), SBP (MD = −3.089 mmHg, p = 0.019), and DBP (MD = −3.087 mmHg, p = 0.0001). However, no significant differences were observed in the changes in body weight, BMI, SBP, or DBP between the HIIT and MICT groups. Furthermore, our studies showed that both HIIT and MICT could significantly improve VO2peak (HIIT, MD = 4.17 ml/kg/min, 95% CI: 3.191 to 5.163, p = 0.0001; MICT, MD = 1.704 ml/kg/min, 95% CI: 0.279 to 3.130, p = 0.019). HIIT also showed more positive effects on VO2peak (SMD = 0.468, 95% CI: 0.040 to 0.897, p = 0.006) than MICT. Conclusion: HIIT positively affects the cardiometabolic risk factors in childhood obesity. Similar positive effects on body composition and blood pressure were established. Moreover, HIIT can improve cardiorespiratory fitness more significantly than MICT. These findings indicate that HIIT may be an alternative and effective training method for managing childhood obesity. PROSPERO Registration Number: CRD42018111308.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxin Liu
- Research Center for Physical Fitness and Health Promotion of Adolescent, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- Research Center for Physical Fitness and Health Promotion of Adolescent, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Su
- College of Physical Education, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan, China
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Saghebjoo M, Kargar-Akbariyeh N, Mohammadnia-Ahmadi M, Saffari I. How to exercise to increase lipolysis and insulin sensitivity: Fasting or following a single high-protein breakfast. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2020; 60:625-633. [PMID: 32043347 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.20.10403-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to investigate the lipolysis response and insulin sensitivity to high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) upon fasting (HIIEFAST) and following the intake of a high-protein breakfast (HIIEHPFED). METHODS Overweight men participated in two sessions of HIIE after an overnight fast and post-HPFED with an interval of one week. Metabolic biomarkers were assessed before, immediately after, and 3h postexercise. To evaluate the metabolic effects of HIIE, two-way repeated-measures ANOVA was used. RESULTS Glycerol levels increased immediately after HIIEFAST and HIIEHPFED (P=0.0001) and decreased 3h after exercise in both states (P=0.001). There were no significant changes in free fatty acid (FFA) levels immediately after exercise, but a significant increase was observed 3h after exercise compared to the baseline and immediately after exercise in HIIEFAST and HIIEHPFED (P=0.0001). Insulin sensitivity was increased for 3h after HIIEHPFED compared to the baseline and immediately after exercise (P=0.04). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that fasting during exercise is not necessary for the greater stimulation of lipolysis and an increase in insulin sensitivity and that exercise following a high-protein breakfast can have a similar effect in overweight young men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marziyeh Saghebjoo
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran -
| | - Nasrin Kargar-Akbariyeh
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran
| | | | - Iman Saffari
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran
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Chycki J, Zajac A, Michalczyk M, Maszczyk A, Langfort J. Hormonal and metabolic substrate status in response to exercise in men of different phenotype. Endocr Connect 2019; 8:814-821. [PMID: 31137013 PMCID: PMC6590201 DOI: 10.1530/ec-19-0216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The present study verified the effect of moderate-to-high-intensity aerobic exercise on the endocrine response profile and adipose tissue in young healthy men with different phenotype characteristics. DESIGN Eighteen men were divided into three experimental groups with defined body components and specific physical fitness: Endurance phenotype - EP (n = 6; low body mass; low fat content; aerobic endurance trained), Athletic phenotype - AP (n = 6; high body mass; low fat content, resistance trained), Obesity phenotype - OP (n = 6; high body mass; high fat content, untrained). METHODS The participants performed an progressive exercise protocol on a treadmill (30% VO2max, 50% VO2max, 70% VO2max), separated by 45 s of passive rest for blood collection. RESULTS Plasma glucose oxidation increased in relation to exercise intensity, but to a greater extent in the AP group. The free fatty acids' plasma level decreased with a rise in exercise intensity, but with different kinetics in particular phenotypes. Plasma growth hormone increased after the cessation of exercise and was significantly higher in all groups 45 min into recovery compared to resting values. Plasma insulin decreased during exercise in all groups, but in the OP, the decrease was blunted. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that the rate of lipolysis, hormonal and metabolic response to aerobic exercise depends on the individuals' phenotype. Thus, exercise type, duration and intensity have to be strictly individualized in relation to phenotype in order to reach optimal metabolic benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Chycki
- Department of Sports Training, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
- Correspondence should be addressed to J Chycki:
| | - A Zajac
- Department of Sports Training, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - M Michalczyk
- Department of Sports Nutrition, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - A Maszczyk
- Department of Methodology and Statistics, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - J Langfort
- Department of Sports Nutrition, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
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Larsen P, Marino F, Melehan K, Guelfi KJ, Duffield R, Skein M. High-intensity interval exercise induces greater acute changes in sleep, appetite-related hormones, and free-living energy intake than does moderate-intensity continuous exercise. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2019; 44:557-566. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2018-0503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the effect of high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) and moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MICE) on sleep characteristics, appetite-related hormones, and eating behaviour. Eleven overweight, inactive men completed 2 consecutive nights of sleep assessments to determine baseline (BASE) sleep stages and arousals recorded by polysomnography (PSG). On separate afternoons (1400–1600 h), participants completed a 30-min exercise bout: either (i) MICE (60% peak oxygen consumption) or (ii) HIIE (60 s of work at 100% peak oxygen consumption: 240 s of rest at 50% peak oxygen consumption), in a randomised order. Measures included appetite-related hormones (acylated ghrelin, leptin, and peptide tyrosine tyrosine) and glucose before exercise, 30 min after exercise, and the next morning after exercise; PSG sleep stages; and actigraphy (sleep quantity and quality); in addition, self-reported sleep and food diaries were recorded until 48 h after exercise. There were no between-trial differences for time in bed (p = 0.19) or total sleep time (p = 0.99). After HIIE, stage N3 sleep was greater (21% ± 7%) compared with BASE (18% ± 7%; p = 0.02). In addition, the number of arousals during rapid eye movement sleep were lower after HIIE (7 ± 5) compared with BASE (11 ± 7; p = 0.05). Wake after sleep onset was lower following MICE (41 min) compared with BASE (56 min; p = 0.02). Acylated ghrelin was lower and glucose was higher at 30 min after HIIE when compared with MICE (p ≤ 0.05). There were no significant differences between conditions in terms of total energy intake (p ≥ 0.05). HIIE appears to be more beneficial than MICE for improving sleep quality and inducing favourable transient changes in appetite-related hormones in overweight, inactive men. However, energy intake was not altered regardless of exercise intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penelope Larsen
- School of Exercise Science, Sport and Health, Charles Sturt University, Bathurst, NSW 2795, Australia
| | - Frank Marino
- School of Exercise Science, Sport and Health, Charles Sturt University, Bathurst, NSW 2795, Australia
| | - Kerri Melehan
- Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
- Discipline of Sleep Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Kym J. Guelfi
- School of Human Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Rob Duffield
- Sport and Exercise Discipline Group, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Melissa Skein
- School of Exercise Science, Sport and Health, Charles Sturt University, Bathurst, NSW 2795, Australia
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21
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Maillard F, Vazeille E, Sauvanet P, Sirvent P, Combaret L, Sourdrille A, Chavanelle V, Bonnet R, Otero YF, Delcros G, Barnich N, Boisseau N. High intensity interval training promotes total and visceral fat mass loss in obese Zucker rats without modulating gut microbiota. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0214660. [PMID: 30964881 PMCID: PMC6456220 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Increased visceral adipose tissue and dysbiosis in the overweight and obese promote chronic inflammation. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on the gut-adipose tissue cross-talk in obese Zucker rats. Methods Obese male Zucker rats (n = 36) were divided in three groups: MICT (12m.min-1 for 51min), HIIT (6 sets at 18 m.min-1 for 4min followed by 3min at 10m.min-1) and controls (CONT; no exercise). The animals ran on a treadmill 5 days/week for 10 weeks. Body composition, glycaemic control, lipid profile, inflammation, lipolysis signalling in subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue, intestinal permeability (tight junctions and plasma lipopolysaccharide binding protein; LBP), and gut microbiota composition were assessed in the three groups. Results After 10 weeks of exercise, total and epididymal fat mass decreased only in the HIIT group. The α/β adrenergic receptor RNA ratio in subcutaneous adipose tissue increased only in the HIIT group. The expression level of phosphorylated hormone-sensitive lipase was not modified by training. Both HIIT and MICT decreased inflammation (plasma myeloperoxidase and keratinocyte-derived chemokine secretion in adipose tissue) and improved glucose metabolism. Zonula occludens-1 and occludin were upregulated in the HIIT group. Plasma LBP was similarly reduced in both training groups. HIIT and MICT did not affect gut microbiota composition. Conclusion In obese Zucker rats, HIIT and MICT improved inflammation and glucose metabolism. In contrast, only HIIT decreased total and visceral fat mass. These adaptations were not associated with modifications in gut microbiota composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florie Maillard
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Laboratoire des Adaptations Métaboliques à l’Exercice en conditions Physiologiques et Pathologiques (AME2P), Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Université Clermont Auvergne/Inserm U1071; USC-INRA 2018, Microbes, Intestin, Inflammation et Susceptibilité de l'Hôte (M2iSH), Clermont-Ferrand, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Emilie Vazeille
- Université Clermont Auvergne/Inserm U1071; USC-INRA 2018, Microbes, Intestin, Inflammation et Susceptibilité de l'Hôte (M2iSH), Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm, 3iHP, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Service d’Hépato-Gastro Entérologie, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Pierre Sauvanet
- Université Clermont Auvergne/Inserm U1071; USC-INRA 2018, Microbes, Intestin, Inflammation et Susceptibilité de l'Hôte (M2iSH), Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Service de chirurgie digestive, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Pascal Sirvent
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Laboratoire des Adaptations Métaboliques à l’Exercice en conditions Physiologiques et Pathologiques (AME2P), Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Lydie Combaret
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Antoine Sourdrille
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Laboratoire des Adaptations Métaboliques à l’Exercice en conditions Physiologiques et Pathologiques (AME2P), Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Vivien Chavanelle
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Laboratoire des Adaptations Métaboliques à l’Exercice en conditions Physiologiques et Pathologiques (AME2P), Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Richard Bonnet
- Université Clermont Auvergne/Inserm U1071; USC-INRA 2018, Microbes, Intestin, Inflammation et Susceptibilité de l'Hôte (M2iSH), Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Department of Bacteriology, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Yolanda Fernandez Otero
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Laboratoire des Adaptations Métaboliques à l’Exercice en conditions Physiologiques et Pathologiques (AME2P), Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Geoffrey Delcros
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Laboratoire des Adaptations Métaboliques à l’Exercice en conditions Physiologiques et Pathologiques (AME2P), Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Nicolas Barnich
- Université Clermont Auvergne/Inserm U1071; USC-INRA 2018, Microbes, Intestin, Inflammation et Susceptibilité de l'Hôte (M2iSH), Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Nathalie Boisseau
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Laboratoire des Adaptations Métaboliques à l’Exercice en conditions Physiologiques et Pathologiques (AME2P), Clermont-Ferrand, France
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22
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Islam H, Townsend LK, Hazell TJ. Excess Postexercise Oxygen Consumption and Fat Utilization Following Submaximal Continuous and Supramaximal Interval Running. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2018; 89:450-456. [PMID: 30325710 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2018.1513633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Few studies have directly compared excess postexercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) and fat utilization following different exercise intensities, and the effect of continuous exercise exceeding 75% of maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) on these parameters remains unexplored. The current study examined EPOC and fat utilization following acute moderate- and vigorous-intensity continuous training (MICT and VICT) and sprint interval training (SIT). METHODS Eight active young men performed 4 experimental sessions: (a) MICT (30 min of running at 65% VO2max); (b) VICT (30 min of running at 85% VO2max); (c) SIT (4 30-s "all-out" sprints with 4 min of rest); and (d) no exercise (REST). Excess postexercise oxygen consumption and fat oxidation were estimated from gas measurements (VO2 and carbon dioxide production [VCO2]) obtained during a 2-hr postexercise period. RESULTS Total EPOC was similar (p = .097; effect size [ES] = 0.3) after VICT (8.6 ± 4.7 L) and SIT (10.0 ± 4.2 L) and greater after both (VICT, p = .025, ES = 0.3, and SIT, p < .001, ES = 0.6) versus MICT (6.0 ± 4.3 L). Fat utilization increased after MICT (0.047 ± 0.018 g· min-1, p = .018, ES = 1.3), VICT (0.066 ± 0.020 g•min-1, p = .034, ES = 2.2), and SIT (0.115 ± 0.026 g•min-1, p < .001, ES = 4.0) versus REST (0.025 ± 0.018 g•min-1) and was greatest after SIT (p < .001, ES = 3.0 vs. MICT; p = .031, ES = 2.1 vs. VICT). CONCLUSION Acute exercise increases EPOC and fat utilization in an intensity-dependent manner.
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23
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Dias KA, Ingul CB, Tjønna AE, Keating SE, Gomersall SR, Follestad T, Hosseini MS, Hollekim-Strand SM, Ro TB, Haram M, Huuse EM, Davies PSW, Cain PA, Leong GM, Coombes JS. Effect of High-Intensity Interval Training on Fitness, Fat Mass and Cardiometabolic Biomarkers in Children with Obesity: A Randomised Controlled Trial. Sports Med 2018; 48:733-746. [PMID: 28853029 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-017-0777-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Paediatric obesity significantly increases the risk of developing cardiometabolic diseases across the lifespan. Increasing cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) could mitigate this risk. High-intensity interval training (HIIT) improves CRF in clinical adult populations but the evidence in paediatric obesity is inconsistent. OBJECTIVES The objectives of this study were to determine the efficacy of a 12-week, HIIT intervention for increasing CRF and reducing adiposity in children with obesity. METHODS Children with obesity (n = 99, 7-16 years old) were randomised into a 12-week intervention as follows: (1) HIIT [n = 33, 4 × 4-min bouts at 85-95% maximum heart rate (HRmax), interspersed with 3 min of active recovery at 50-70% HRmax, 3 times/week] and nutrition advice; (2) moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) [n = 32, 44 min at 60-70% HRmax, 3 times/week] and nutrition advice; and (3) nutrition advice only (nutrition) [n = 34]. CRF was quantified through a maximal exercise test ([Formula: see text]) while adiposity was assessed using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and air-displacement plethysmography. RESULTS HIIT stimulated significant increases in relative [Formula: see text] compared with MICT (+3.6 mL/kg/min, 95% CI 1.1-6.0, P = 0.004) and the nutrition intervention (+5.4 mL/kg/min, 95% CI 2.9-7.9, P = 0.001). However, the intervention had no significant effect on visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue, whole body composition or cardiometabolic biomarkers (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION A 12-week, HIIT intervention was highly effective in increasing cardiorespiratory fitness when compared with MICT and nutrition interventions. While there were no concomitant reductions in adiposity or blood biomarkers, the cardiometabolic health benefit conferred through increased CRF should be noted. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION NUMBER Clinicaltrials.gov; NCT01991106.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin A Dias
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Charlotte B Ingul
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Helse Midt-Norge RHF, Strandvegen 1, Stjørdal, Norway
| | - Arnt E Tjønna
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Shelley E Keating
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Sjaan R Gomersall
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Turid Follestad
- Department of Public Health and General Practice, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Mansoureh S Hosseini
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Siri M Hollekim-Strand
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Torstein B Ro
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Pediatrics, St. Olav's University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Margrete Haram
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Else Marie Huuse
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Peter S W Davies
- Children's Nutrition Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Peter A Cain
- Heart Care Partners, The Wesley Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Gary M Leong
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Lady Cilento Children's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jeff S Coombes
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.
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24
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Ghardashi-Afousi A, Holisaz MT, Shirvani H, Pishgoo B. The effects of low-volume high-intensity interval versus moderate intensity continuous training on heart rate variability, and hemodynamic and echocardiography indices in men after coronary artery bypass grafting: A randomized clinical trial study. ARYA ATHEROSCLEROSIS 2018; 14:260-271. [PMID: 31143227 PMCID: PMC6527148 DOI: 10.22122/arya.v14i6.1781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heart rate variability (HRV) declines after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of low-volume high-intensity interval training (LV-HIIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) on HRV as well as, hemodynamic and echocardiography indices. METHODS Forty-two men after CABG (55.12 ± 3.97 years) were randomly assigned into LV-HIIT, MICT, and control (CTL) groups. The exercise training in LV-HIIT consisted of 2-minute interval at 85-95 percent of maximal heart rate (HRmax), 2-minute interval at 50% of HRmax and 40-minute interval at 70% of HRmax in MICT for three sessions in a week, for 6-weeks. HRV parameters were evaluated by 24-hour Holter electrocardiography (ECG) recording, and echocardiography parameters at baseline and end of intervention were measured in all 3 groups. RESULTS At the end of the intervention, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) significantly increased in LV-HIIT group (58.53 ± 7.26 percent) compared with MICT (52.26 ± 7.91 percent) and CTL (49.68 ± 7.27 percent) groups (P < 0.001). Furthermore, mean R-R interval, root mean square successive difference (RMSSD) of R-R interval, and standard deviation of R-R interval (SDRR) in LV-HIIT group considerably increased compared with MICT group (P < 0.001). High-frequency power (HF) significantly increased in LV-HIIT and MICT groups compared with CTL group (P < 0.001). On the other hand, low frequency (LF) and LF/HF ratio significantly decreased in LV-HIIT group in comparison with MICT group (P < 0.010). CONCLUSION These results suggest that LV-HIIT has a greater effect on improvement of cardiac autonomic activities by increasing R-R interval, SDRR, RMSSD, and HF, and decreasing LF and LF/HF ratio in patients after CABG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Ghardashi-Afousi
- PhD Candidate, Department of Exercise Physiology, School of Physical Education and Exercise Sciences, University of Tehran AND Exercise Physiology Research Center, Life Style Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taghi Holisaz
- Professor, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Shirvani
- Assistant Professor, Exercise Physiology Research Center, Life Style Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahram Pishgoo
- Associate Professor, Atherosclerosis Research Center, School of Medicine, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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25
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Devin JL, Jenkins DG, Sax AT, Hughes GI, Aitken JF, Chambers SK, Dunn JC, Bolam KA, Skinner TL. Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Body Composition Responses to Different Intensities and Frequencies of Exercise Training in Colorectal Cancer Survivors. Clin Colorectal Cancer 2018; 17:e269-e279. [PMID: 29397328 DOI: 10.1016/j.clcc.2018.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Deteriorations in cardiorespiratory fitness (V˙o2peak) and body composition are associated with poor prognosis after colorectal cancer treatment. However, the optimal intensity and frequency of aerobic exercise training to improve these outcomes in colorectal cancer survivors is unknown. PATIENTS AND METHODS This trial compared 8 weeks of moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MICE; 50 minutes; 70% peak heart rate [HRpeak]; 24 sessions), with high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE; 4 × 4 minutes; 85%-95% HRpeak) at an equivalent (HIIE; 24 sessions) and tapered frequency (HIIE-T; 16 sessions) on V˙o2peak and on lean and fat mass, measured at baseline, 4, 8, and 12 weeks. RESULTS Increases in V˙o2peak were significantly greater after both 4 (+3.0 mL·kg-1·min-1, P = .008) and 8 (+2.3 mL·kg-1·min-1, P = .049) weeks of HIIE compared to MICE. After 8 weeks, there was a significantly greater reduction in fat mass after HIIE compared to MICE (-0.7 kg, P = .038). Four weeks after training, the HIIE group maintained elevated V˙o2peak (+3.3 mL·kg-1·min-1, P = .006) and reduced fat mass (-0.7 kg, P = .045) compared to the MICE group, with V˙o2peak in the HIIE-T also being superior to the MICE group (+2.8 mL·kg-1·min-1, P = .013). CONCLUSION Compared to MICE, HIIE promotes superior improvements and short-term maintenance of V˙o2peak and fat mass improvements. HIIE training at a reduced frequency also promotes maintainable cardiorespiratory fitness improvements. In addition to promoting accelerated and superior benefits to the current aerobic exercise guidelines, HIIE promotes clinically relevant improvements even with a substantial reduction in exercise training and for a period after withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L Devin
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
| | - David G Jenkins
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Andrew T Sax
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Gareth I Hughes
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Joanne F Aitken
- Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Council Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia; Institute for Resilient Regions, University of Southern Queensland, Darling Heights, QLD, Australia
| | - Suzanne K Chambers
- Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Council Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia; Institute for Resilient Regions, University of Southern Queensland, Darling Heights, QLD, Australia; Prostate Cancer Foundation of Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Health and Wellness Institute, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Jeffrey C Dunn
- School of Social Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Council Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia; Institute for Resilient Regions, University of Southern Queensland, Darling Heights, QLD, Australia
| | - Kate A Bolam
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Division of Nursing, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tina L Skinner
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Shamlan G, Bech P, Robertson MD, Collins AL. Acute effects of exercise intensity on subsequent substrate utilisation, appetite, and energy balance in men and women. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2017; 42:1247-1253. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2017-0280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Exercise is capable of influencing the regulation of energy balance by acutely modulating appetite and energy intake coupled to effects on substrate utilization. Yet, few studies have examined acute effects of exercise intensity on aspects of both energy intake and energy metabolism, independently of energy cost of exercise. Furthermore, little is known as to the gender differences of these effects. One hour after a standardised breakfast, 40 (19 female), healthy participants (BMI 23.6 ± 3.6 kg·m−2, V̇O2peak 34.4 ± 6.8 mL·kg−1·min−1) undertook either high-intensity intermittent cycling (HIIC) consisting of 8 repeated 60 s bouts of cycling at 95% V̇O2peak or low-intensity continuous cycling (LICC), equivalent to 50% V̇O2peak, matched for energy cost (∼950 kJ) followed by 90 mins of rest, in a randomised crossover design. Throughout each study visit, satiety was assessed subjectively using visual analogue scales alongside blood metabolites and GLP-1. Energy expenditure and substrate utilization were measured over 75 min postexercise via indirect calorimetry. Energy intake was assessed for 48 h postintervention. No differences in appetite, GLP-1, or energy intakes were observed between HIIC and LICC, with or without stratifying for gender. Significant differences in postexercise nonesterified fatty acid concentrations were observed between intensities in both genders, coupled to a significantly lower respiratory exchange ratio following HIIC (P = 0.0028), with a trend towards greater reductions in respiratory exchange ratioin males (P = 0.079). In conclusion, high-intensity exercise, if energy matched, does not lead to greater appetite or energy intake, but may exert additional beneficial metabolic effects that may be more pronounced in males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghalia Shamlan
- Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Bech
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - M. Denise Robertson
- Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - Adam L. Collins
- Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
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Aslankeser Z, Balcı ŞS. Re-examination of the contribution of substrates to energy expenditure during high-intensity intermittent exercise in endurance athletes. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3769. [PMID: 28894645 PMCID: PMC5591632 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been believed that the contribution of fat oxidation to total energy expenditure is becoming negligible at higher exercise intensities (about 85% VO2max). The aim of the present study was to examine the changes in substrate oxidation during high-intensity interval exercise in young adult men. METHODS A total of 18 healthy well-trained (aged 19.60 ± 0.54 years, BMI = 22.19 ± 0.64 kg/m2, n = 10) and untrained (aged 20.25 ± 0.41 years, BMI = 22.78 ± 0.38 kg/m2, n = 8) young men volunteered to participate in this study. After an overnight fast, subjects were tested on a cycle ergometer and completed six 4-min bouts of cycling (at ∼80% VO2max) with 2 min of rests between intervals. Energy expenditure and the substrate oxidation rate were measured during the experiment by using indirect calorimetry. The blood lactate concentration was collected immediately after each interval workout. RESULTS The fat oxidation rate during each workout was significantly different between the untrained and the athlete groups (p < 0.05), and the carbohydrate (CHO) oxidation rate during the experiment was similar between groups (p > 0.05). Moreover, lactate concentration significantly increased in the untrained group (p < 0.05), whereas it did not significantly change in the athlete group during the workouts (p > 0.05). Fat contribution to energy expenditure was significantly higher in the athlete group (∼25%) than in the untrained group (∼2%). CONCLUSIONS The present study indicates that 17 times more fat oxidation was measured in the athlete group compared to the untrained group. However, the athletes had the same CHO oxidation rate as the recreationally active subjects during high-intensity intermittent exercise. Higher fat oxidation rate despite the same CHO oxidation rate may be related to higher performance in the trained group.
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28
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Bhati P, Bansal V, Moiz JA. Comparison of different volumes of high intensity interval training on cardiac autonomic function in sedentary young women. Int J Adolesc Med Health 2017; 31:/j/ijamh.ahead-of-print/ijamh-2017-0073/ijamh-2017-0073.xml. [PMID: 28837421 DOI: 10.1515/ijamh-2017-0073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Purpose The present study was conducted to compare the effects of low volume of high intensity interval training (LVHIIT) and high volume of high intensity interval training (HVHIIT) on heart rate variability (HRV) as a primary outcome measure, and on maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max), body composition, and lower limb muscle strength as secondary outcome measures, in sedentary young women. Methods Thirty-six participants were recruited in this study. The LVHIIT group (n = 17) performed one 4-min bout of treadmill running at 85%-95% maximum heart rate (HRmax), followed by 3 min of recovery by running at 70% HRmax, three times per week for 6 weeks. The HVHIIT group (n = 15) performed four times 4-min bouts of treadmill running at 85%-95% HRmax, interspersed with 3-min of recovery by running at 70% HRmax, 3 times per week for 6 weeks. All criterion measures were measured before and after training in both the groups. Results Due to attrition of four cases, data of 32 participants was used for analysis. A significant increase in high frequency (HF) power (p < 0.001) and decrease in the ratio of low frequency to high frequency power (LF/HF) ratio (p < 0.001) in HRV parameters, was observed post-HVHIIT, whereas, these variables did not change significantly (HF: p = 0.92, LF/HF ratio: p = 0.52) in LVHIIT group. Nevertheless, both the interventions proved equally effective in improving aerobic capacity (VO2max), body composition, and muscle strength. Conclusion The study results suggest that both LVHIIT and HVHIIT are equally effective in improving VO2max, body composition, and muscle strength, in sedentary young women. However, HVHIIT induces parasympathetic dominance as well, as measured by HRV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Bhati
- Centre for Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi, India
| | - Vishal Bansal
- Department of Physiology, Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007,India, Phone: +91-11-27402406
| | - Jamal Ali Moiz
- Centre for Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi, India
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29
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Keating SE, Johnson NA, Mielke GI, Coombes JS. A systematic review and meta-analysis of interval training versus moderate-intensity continuous training on body adiposity. Obes Rev 2017; 18:943-964. [PMID: 28513103 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Interval training (including high-intensity interval training [HIIT] and sprint interval training [SIT]) is promoted in both scientific and lay media as being a superior and time-efficient method for fat loss compared with traditional moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT). We evaluated the efficacy of HIIT/SIT when directly compared with MICT for the modulation of body adiposity. Databases were searched to 31 August 2016 for studies with exercise training interventions with minimum 4-week duration. Meta-analyses were conducted for within-group and between-group comparisons for total body fat percentage (%) and fat mass (kg). To investigate heterogeneity, we conducted sensitivity and meta-regression analyses. Of the 6,074 studies netted, 31 were included. Within-group analyses demonstrated reductions in total body fat (%) (HIIT/SIT: -1.26 [95% CI: -1.80; -0.72] and MICT: -1.48 [95% CI: -1.89; -1.06]) and fat mass (kg) (HIIT/SIT: -1.38 [95% CI: -1.99; -0.77] and MICT: -0.91 [95% CI: -1.45; -0.37]). There were no differences between HIIT/SIT and MICT for any body fat outcome. Analyses comparing MICT with HIIT/SIT protocols of lower time commitment and/or energy expenditure tended to favour MICT for total body fat reduction (p = 0.09). HIIT/SIT appears to provide similar benefits to MICT for body fat reduction, although not necessarily in a more time-efficient manner. However, neither short-term HIIT/SIT nor MICT produced clinically meaningful reductions in body fat.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Keating
- Discipline of Exercise and Sport Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Centre for Research on Exercise, Physical Activity and Health, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - N A Johnson
- Discipline of Exercise and Sport Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise & Eating Disorders, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - G I Mielke
- Centre for Research on Exercise, Physical Activity and Health, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia.,Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - J S Coombes
- Centre for Research on Exercise, Physical Activity and Health, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
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Islam H, Townsend LK, Hazell TJ. Modified sprint interval training protocols. Part I. Physiological responses. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2017; 42:339-346. [PMID: 28177740 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2016-0478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Adaptations to sprint interval training (SIT) are observed with brief (≤15-s) work bouts highlighting peak power generation as an important metabolic stimulus. This study examined the effects of manipulating SIT work bout and recovery period duration on energy expenditure (EE) during and postexercise, as well as postexercise fat oxidation rates. Nine active males completed a resting control session (CTRL) and 3 SIT sessions in randomized order: (i) 30:240 (4 × 30-s bouts, 240-s recovery); (ii) 15:120 (8 × 15-s bouts, 120-s recovery); (3) 5:40 (24 × 5-s bouts, 40-s recovery). Protocols were matched for the total duration of work (2 min) and recovery (16 min), as well as the work-to-recovery ratio (1:8 s). EE and fat oxidation rates were derived from gas exchange measured before, during, and for 3 h postexercise. All protocols increased EE versus CTRL (P < 0.001). Exercise EE was greater (P < 0.001) with 5:40 (209 kcal) versus both 15:120 (163 kcal) and 30:240 (138 kcal), while 15:120 was also greater (P < 0.001) than 30:240. Postexercise EE was greater (P = 0.014) with 15:120 (313 kcal) versus 5:40 (294 kcal), though both were similar (P > 0.077) to 30:240 (309 kcal). Postexercise fat oxidation was similar (P = 0.650) after 15:120 (0.104 g·min-1) and 30:240 (0.116 g·min-1) and both were greater (P < 0.030) than 5:40 (0.072 g·min-1) and CTRL (0.049 g·min-1). In conclusion, shorter SIT work bouts that target peak power generation increase exercise EE without compromising postexercise EE, though longer bouts promote greater postexercise fat utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hashim Islam
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON N2L 3C5, Canada
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON N2L 3C5, Canada
| | - Logan K Townsend
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON N2L 3C5, Canada
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON N2L 3C5, Canada
| | - Tom J Hazell
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON N2L 3C5, Canada
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON N2L 3C5, Canada
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Gahreman D, Heydari M, Boutcher Y, Freund J, Boutcher S. The Effect of Green Tea Ingestion and Interval Sprinting Exercise on the Body Composition of Overweight Males: A Randomized Trial. Nutrients 2016; 8:E510. [PMID: 27548216 PMCID: PMC4997423 DOI: 10.3390/nu8080510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The combined effect of green tea ingestion and interval sprinting exercise on body and abdominal fat of overweight males was investigated. Participants were randomly assigned into control (C), green tea (GT), interval sprinting exercise (ISE), and green tea and ISE (GT + ISE) groups. The GT, GT + ISE, and C groups consumed three GT capsules daily. The ISE and GT + ISE groups completed 36 ISE sessions over 12 weeks. Forty eight overweight males with a mean BMI of 28.5 ± 0.92 kg/m² and age of 26 ± 0.7 years acted as participants. There was a significant reduction in total and abdominal fat mass for the ISE and GT + ISE groups, p < 0.05, however, total and abdominal fat mass did not significantly change in the GT and C groups. There was a significant increase in total lean mass, p < 0.05, after the intervention for the ISE and GT + ISE groups only. There was a significant increase in fat oxidation during submaximal aerobic exercise, p < 0.05, after the intervention for the ISE, GT + ISE, and GT groups with no change for the C group. Following the 12-week intervention the ISE and GT + ISE groups, compared to C, recorded a significantly greater decrease in body and abdominal fat, and a significant increase in total lean mass. Ingestion of green tea by itself, however, did not result in a significant decrease in body or abdominal fat, but increased fat utilization during submaximal exercise. The combination of 12 weeks of GT ingestion and ISE did not result in greater total and abdominal fat reduction compared to 12 weeks of ISE alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Gahreman
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, Charles Darwin University, Ellengowan Drive, Casuarina 0811, Northern Territory, Australia.
| | - Mehrdad Heydari
- Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, Ultimo 2007, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Yati Boutcher
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, High Street, Randwick, Sydney 2052, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Judith Freund
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, High Street, Randwick, Sydney 2052, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Stephen Boutcher
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, High Street, Randwick, Sydney 2052, New South Wales, Australia.
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Gahreman DE, Boutcher YN, Bustamante S, Boutcher SH. The combined effect of green tea and acute interval sprinting exercise on fat oxidation of trained and untrained males. J Exerc Nutrition Biochem 2016; 20:1-8. [PMID: 27298806 PMCID: PMC4899895 DOI: 10.20463/jenb.2016.03.20.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] This study investigated the combined effect of green tea and acute interval sprinting exercise on fat oxidation of trained and untrained males. [Methods] Fourteen trained and 14 untrained males ingested one capsule containing either green tea or cellulose with breakfast, lunch, and dinner, 24 hours before two exercise sessions. A fourth capsule was consumed 90 minutes before exercise after overnight NPO (nil per os). Participants performed a 20-minute interval sprinting cycling protocol, consisting of repeated bouts of 8-seconds of sprint cycling (at 65% of maximum power output) and 12-seconds of recovery (at 25% of maximum power output), followed by 75 minutes of post-exercise recovery. [Results] Fat oxidation was significantly greater in the resting condition after green tea ingestion (p < 0.05) compared with the placebo. Fat oxidation was also significantly increased post-exercise in the green tea, compared with the placebo condition (p < 0.01). During and after exercise the plasma glycerol levels significantly increased in both groups after green tea consumption and were significantly higher in the untrained group compared with the trained group (p < 0.05). Compared with the placebo, the plasma epinephrine levels were significantly higher for both groups in the green tea condition during and after exercise, however, norepinephrine levels were only significantly greater, p < 0.05, during and after exercise in the untrained group. [Conclusion] Green tea significantly increased resting and post-exercise fat oxidation and also elevated plasma glycerol and epinephrine levels during and after interval sprinting. Glycerol and norepinephrine levels during interval sprinting were significantly higher in the untrained group compared with the trained group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E Gahreman
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, Charles Darwin University, Northern Territory Australia
| | - Yati N Boutcher
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney Australia
| | - Sonia Bustamante
- Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of New South Wales, Sydney Australia
| | - Stephen H Boutcher
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney Australia
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MasoudiMotlagh M, Sugar JJ, Azimipour M, Linz WW, Michalak G, Seo NJ, Ranji M. Monitoring hemodynamic changes in stroke-affected muscles using near-infrared spectroscopy. J Rehabil Assist Technol Eng 2015; 2:2055668315614195. [PMID: 31191919 PMCID: PMC6531806 DOI: 10.1177/2055668315614195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The oxygenation level of a tissue is an important marker of the health of the
tissue and has a direct effect on performance. It has been shown that the blood
flow to the paretic muscles of hemiparetic post-stroke patients is significantly
reduced compared to non-paretic muscles. It is hypothesized that hemodynamic
activity in paretic muscles is suppressed as compared to non-paretic muscles,
and that oximetry can be used to measure this disparity in real-time. In order
to test this hypothesis, a custom-made oximetry device was used to measure
hemodynamic activity in the forearm extensor muscles in post-stroke patients’
paretic and non-paretic sides and in a control population during three exercise
levels calibrated to the subject’s maximum effort. The change in oxygenation
(ΔOxy) and blood volume (ΔBV) were
calculated and displayed in real-time. Results show no apparent difference in
either ΔOxy or ΔBV between control subjects’
dominant and non-dominant muscles. However, the results show a significant
difference in ΔOxy between paretic and non-paretic muscles, as
well as a significant difference between normalized post-stroke and control
data. Further work will be necessary to determine if the observed difference
between the paretic and non-paretic muscles changes over the course of physical
therapy and can be correlated with functional improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad MasoudiMotlagh
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, USA
| | - Jeffrey J Sugar
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, USA
| | - Mehdi Azimipour
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, USA
| | - Whitney W Linz
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, USA
| | - Gregory Michalak
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, USA
| | - Na Jin Seo
- Division of Occupational Therapy, Department of Health Professions, Department of Health Sciences and Research, Medical University of South Carolina
| | - Mahsa Ranji
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, USA
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Lanzi S, Codecasa F, Cornacchia M, Maestrini S, Capodaglio P, Brunani A, Fanari P, Salvadori A, Malatesta D. Short-term HIIT and Fat max training increase aerobic and metabolic fitness in men with class II and III obesity. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2015; 23:1987-94. [PMID: 26335027 DOI: 10.1002/oby.21206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Revised: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the effects of two different 2-week-long training modalities [continuous at the intensity eliciting the maximal fat oxidation (Fatmax) versus high-intensity interval training (HIIT)] in men with class II and III obesity. METHODS Nineteen men with obesity (BMI ≥ 35 kg · m(-2)) were assigned to Fatmax group (GFatmax) or to HIIT group (GHIIT). Both groups performed eight cycling sessions matched for mechanical work. Aerobic fitness and fat oxidation rates (FORs) during exercise were assessed prior and following the training. Blood samples were drawn to determine hormones and plasma metabolites levels. Insulin resistance was assessed by the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA2-IR). RESULTS Aerobic fitness and FORs during exercise were significantly increased in both groups after training (P ≤ 0.001). HOMA2-IR was significantly reduced only for GFatmax (P ≤ 0.001). Resting non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and insulin decreased significantly only in GFatmax (P ≤ 0.002). CONCLUSIONS Two weeks of HIIT and Fatmax training are effective for the improvement of aerobic fitness and FORs during exercise in these classes of obesity. The decreased levels of resting NEFA only in GFatmax may be involved in the decreased insulin resistance only in this group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Lanzi
- Institute of Sport Sciences University of Lausanne (ISSUL), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Franco Codecasa
- Pulmonary Rehabilitation Department, San Giuseppe Hospital, Istituto Auxologico Italiano Piancavallo, Verbania, Italy
| | - Mauro Cornacchia
- Pulmonary Rehabilitation Department, San Giuseppe Hospital, Istituto Auxologico Italiano Piancavallo, Verbania, Italy
| | - Sabrina Maestrini
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, San Giuseppe Hospital, Istituto Auxologico Italiano Piancavallo, Verbania, Italy
| | - Paolo Capodaglio
- Orthopaedic Rehabilitation Unit and Clinical Lab for Gait and Posture Analysis, San Giuseppe Hospital, Istituto Auxologico Italiano Piancavallo, Verbania, Italy
| | - Amelia Brunani
- Medicine Rehabilitation Department, San Giuseppe Hospital, Istituto Auxologico Italiano Piancavallo, Verbania, Italy
| | - Paolo Fanari
- Pulmonary Rehabilitation Department, San Giuseppe Hospital, Istituto Auxologico Italiano Piancavallo, Verbania, Italy
| | - Alberto Salvadori
- Pulmonary Rehabilitation Department, San Giuseppe Hospital, Istituto Auxologico Italiano Piancavallo, Verbania, Italy
| | - Davide Malatesta
- Institute of Sport Sciences University of Lausanne (ISSUL), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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High Intensity Interval Training Improves Glycaemic Control and Pancreatic β Cell Function of Type 2 Diabetes Patients. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0133286. [PMID: 26258597 PMCID: PMC4530878 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical activity improves the regulation of glucose homeostasis in both type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients and healthy individuals, but the effect on pancreatic β cell function is unknown. We investigated glycaemic control, pancreatic function and total fat mass before and after 8 weeks of low volume high intensity interval training (HIIT) on cycle ergometer in T2D patients and matched healthy control individuals. Study design/method: Elderly (56 yrs±2), non-active T2D patients (n = 10) and matched (52 yrs±2) healthy controls (CON) (n = 13) exercised 3 times (10×60 sec. HIIT) a week over an 8 week period on a cycle ergometer. Participants underwent a 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). On a separate day, resting blood pressure measurement was conducted followed by an incremental maximal oxygen uptake (V˙ O2max) cycle ergometer test. Finally, a whole body dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) was performed. After 8 weeks of training, the same measurements were performed. Results: in the T2D-group, glycaemic control as determined by average fasting venous glucose concentration (p = 0.01), end point 2-hour OGTT (p = 0.04) and glycosylated haemoglobin (p = 0.04) were significantly reduced. Pancreatic homeostasis as determined by homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and HOMA β cell function (HOMA-%β) were both significantly ameliorated (p = 0.03 and p = 0.03, respectively). Whole body insulin sensitivity as determined by the disposition index (DI) was significantly increased (p = 0.03). During OGTT, the glucose continuum was significantly reduced at -15 (p = 0.03), 30 (p = 0.03) and 120 min (p = 0.03) and at -10 (p = 0.003) and 0 min (p = 0.003) with an additional improvement (p = 0.03) of its 1st phase (30 min) area under curve (AUC). Significant abdominal fat mass losses were seen in both groups (T2D: p = 0.004 and CON: p = 0.02) corresponding to a percentage change of -17.84%±5.02 and -9.66%±3.07, respectively. Conclusion: these results demonstrate that HIIT improves overall glycaemic control and pancreatic β cell function in T2D patients. Additionally, both groups experienced abdominal fat mass losses. These findings demonstrate that HIIT is a health beneficial exercise strategy in T2D patients.
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Gahreman D, Wang R, Boutcher Y, Boutcher S. Green Tea, Intermittent Sprinting Exercise, and Fat Oxidation. Nutrients 2015; 7:5646-63. [PMID: 26184298 PMCID: PMC4517022 DOI: 10.3390/nu7075245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fat oxidation has been shown to increase after short term green tea extract (GTE) ingestion and after one bout of intermittent sprinting exercise (ISE). Whether combining the two will result in greater fat oxidation after ISE is undetermined. The aim of the current study was to investigate the combined effect of short term GTE and a single session of ISE upon post-exercise fat oxidation. Fourteen women consumed three GTE or placebo capsules the day before and one capsule 90 min before a 20-min ISE cycling protocol followed by 1 h of resting recovery. Fat oxidation was calculated using indirect calorimetry. There was a significant increase in fat oxidation post-exercise compared to at rest in the placebo condition (p < 0.01). After GTE ingestion, however, at rest and post-exercise, fat oxidation was significantly greater (p < 0.05) than that after placebo. Plasma glycerol levels at rest and 15 min during post-exercise were significantly higher (p < 0.05) after GTE consumption compared to placebo. Compared to placebo, plasma catecholamines increased significantly after GTE consumption and 20 min after ISE (p < 0.05). Acute GTE ingestion significantly increased fat oxidation under resting and post-exercise conditions when compared to placebo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Gahreman
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, Charles Darwin University, Ellengowan Drive, Casuarina, Northern Territory 0811, Australia.
| | - Rose Wang
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, High Street, Randwick, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia.
| | - Yati Boutcher
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, High Street, Randwick, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia.
| | - Stephen Boutcher
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, High Street, Randwick, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia.
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Piras A, Persiani M, Damiani N, Perazzolo M, Raffi M. Peripheral heart action (PHA) training as a valid substitute to high intensity interval training to improve resting cardiovascular changes and autonomic adaptation. Eur J Appl Physiol 2014; 115:763-73. [PMID: 25428724 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-014-3057-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The present study evaluated the effects of peripheral heart action training compared with high intensity interval training on changes in autonomic regulation and physical fitness. METHODS Eighteen young adults (9 women, 9 men) (age 24 ± 3 years, BMI of 22.67 kg/m(2), V'O2max 32.89 ml/kg/min) were randomly assigned to either a high intensity interval training group (n = 8) or a peripheral heart action training (PHA) group (n = 10). Before and after training, maximal whole-body muscular strength, time series of beat-to-beat intervals for heart rate variability, and baroreflex sensitivity were recorded. Arterial baroreflex sensitivity and heart rate variability were estimated on both time and frequency domains. Physical fitness level was evaluated with maximum oxygen consumption test. RESULTS The effects of PHA whole-body resistance training increased muscular strength and maximum oxygen consumption, with an effect on vagal-cardiac control and cardiovagal baroreflex sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS After 30 training sessions performed in 3 months, PHA resistance exercise promoted cardiovascular adaptations, with a decrease in the power spectral component of vascular sympathetic activity and an increase in the vagal modulation. Low-frequency oscillation estimated from systolic blood pressure variability seems to be a suitable index of the sympathetic modulation of vasomotor activity. This investigation also want to emphasize the beneficial effects of this particular resistance exercise training, considering also that the increase in muscular strength is inversely associated with all-cause mortality and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome, independent of cardiorespiratory fitness levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Piras
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Piazza di Porta S. Donato, 2, Bologna, 40126, Italy,
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Matinhomaee H, Banaei J, Azarbayjani MA, Zolaktaf V. Effects of 12-week high-intensity interval training on plasma visfatin concentration and insulin resistance in overweight men. J Exerc Sci Fit 2014; 12:20-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesf.2014.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Keating SE, Machan EA, O'Connor HT, Gerofi JA, Sainsbury A, Caterson ID, Johnson NA. Continuous exercise but not high intensity interval training improves fat distribution in overweight adults. J Obes 2014; 2014:834865. [PMID: 24669314 PMCID: PMC3942093 DOI: 10.1155/2014/834865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Revised: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of high intensity interval training (HIIT) versus continuous aerobic exercise training (CONT) or placebo (PLA) on body composition by randomized controlled design. METHODS Work capacity and body composition (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry) were measured before and after 12 weeks of intervention in 38 previously inactive overweight adults. RESULTS There was a significant group × time interaction for change in work capacity (P < 0.001), which increased significantly in CONT (23.8 ± 3.0%) and HIIT (22.3 ± 3.5%) but not PLA (3.1 ± 5.0%). There was a near-significant main effect for percentage trunk fat, with trunk fat reducing in CONT by 3.1 ± 1.6% and in PLA by 1.1 ± 0.4%, but not in HIIT (increase of 0.7 ± 1.0%) (P = 0.07). There was a significant reduction in android fat percentage in CONT (2.7 ± 1.3%) and PLA (1.4 ± 0.8%) but not HIIT (increase of 0.8 ± 0.7%) (P = 0.04). CONCLUSION These data suggest that HIIT may be advocated as a time-efficient strategy for eliciting comparable fitness benefits to traditional continuous exercise in inactive, overweight adults. However, in this population HIIT does not confer the same benefit to body fat levels as continuous exercise training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelley E. Keating
- Discipline of Exercise and Sports Science, The University of Sydney, Lidcombe, NSW 2141, Australia
- *Shelley E. Keating:
| | - Elizabeth A. Machan
- Discipline of Exercise and Sports Science, The University of Sydney, Lidcombe, NSW 2141, Australia
| | - Helen T. O'Connor
- Discipline of Exercise and Sports Science, The University of Sydney, Lidcombe, NSW 2141, Australia
- Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise and Eating Disorders, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - James A. Gerofi
- Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise and Eating Disorders, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Amanda Sainsbury
- Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise and Eating Disorders, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Ian D. Caterson
- Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise and Eating Disorders, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Nathan A. Johnson
- Discipline of Exercise and Sports Science, The University of Sydney, Lidcombe, NSW 2141, Australia
- Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise and Eating Disorders, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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Karner-Rezek K, Knechtle B, Fenzl M, Gredig J, Rosemann T. Does continuous endurance exercise in water elicit a higher release of ANP and BNP and a higher plasma concentration of FFAs in pre-obese and obese men than high intensity intermittent endurance exercise? - study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2013; 14:328. [PMID: 24112444 PMCID: PMC3852003 DOI: 10.1186/1745-6215-14-328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Atrial natriuretic peptides (ANP) and Brain natriuretic peptides (BNP) stimulate fat cell plasma membrane receptors. They are potent lipolytic agents on isolated fat cells from subcutaneous adipose tissue. The physiological effects of continuous endurance exercise on ANP release and plasma free fatty acids (FFA) concentrations have been well described. The enhancement of fat metabolism using high intensity intermittent exercise protocols has been assessed in more recent investigations. The combined effects of endurance exercise and water immersion on ANP and FFA plasma concentration and the magnitude of excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) might be further enhanced by choosing the most effective exercise protocol. Exercise modalities may play a significant role in the future prevention and treatment of obesity. Methods/design The two testing trials will be performed according to a randomized and cross-over design. Twenty healthy sedentary pre-obese and obese class-1 men will be scrutinized with regard to their metabolic responses to continuous exercise in water and to high intensity endurance exercise in water. Both trials will be matched for energy expenditure. After preliminary testing, the tests will be conducted as repeated measurements. The two different exercise protocols will be compared. The aims of the study are to investigate (1) whether continuous endurance exercise or high intensity intermittent endurance exercise in water elicits both a higher release of ANP and BNP and a higher plasma concentration of glycerol and (2) to determine whether continuous endurance exercise in water or a high intensity intermittent endurance exercise in water would lead to a more pronounced short term (two hours) EPOC effect. Discussion If our hypothesis would be confirmed, the most effective exercise protocol based on the combined effects of high intensity endurance exercise and water immersion on ANP and BNP release and glycerol plasma concentrations can be identified. Moreover, the magnitude of the EPOC effect can be augmented. Our study would provide a major contribution for creating optimized exercise modalities in the prevention and treatment of obesity. Trial registration Current controlled trials, ISRCTN95488515
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Karner-Rezek
- Institute of General Practice and for Health Services Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Williams CB, Zelt JGE, Castellani LN, Little JP, Jung ME, Wright DC, Tschakovsky ME, Gurd BJ. Changes in mechanisms proposed to mediate fat loss following an acute bout of high-intensity interval and endurance exercise. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2013; 38:1236-44. [PMID: 24195624 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2013-0101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the acute effects of endurance exercise (END; 65% V̇O2peak for 60 min) and high-intensity interval exercise (HIE; four 30 s Wingates separated by 4.5 min of active rest) on cardiorespiratory, hormonal, and subjective appetite measures that may account for the previously reported superior fat loss with low volume HIE compared with END. Recreationally active males (n = 18) completed END, HIE, and control (CON) protocols. On each test day, cardiorespiratory measures including oxygen uptake (V̇O2), respiratory exchange ratio (RER), and heart rate were recorded and blood samples were obtained at baseline (BSL), 60 min after exercise, and 180 min after exercise (equivalent times for CON). Subjective measures of appetite (hunger, fullness, nausea, and prospective consumption) were assessed using visual analogue scales, administered at BSL, 0, 60, 120, and 180 min after exercise. No significant differences in excess postexercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) were observed between conditions. RER was significantly (P < 0.05) depressed in HIE compared with CON at 60 min after exercise, yet estimates of total fat oxidation over CON were not different between HIE and END. No differences in plasma adiponectin concentrations between protocols or time points were present. Epinephrine and norepinephrine were significantly (P < 0.05) elevated immediately after exercise in HIE compared with CON. Several subjective measures of appetite were significantly (P < 0.05) depressed immediately following HIE. Our data indicate that increases in EPOC or fat oxidation following HIE appear unlikely to contribute to the reported superior fat loss compared with END.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron B Williams
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
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Karner-Rezek K, Knechtle B, Fenzl M, Schlegel C, Konrad M, Rosemann T. The effects of an 8-week multicomponent inpatient treatment program on body composition and anaerobic fitness in overweight and obese children and adolescents. Int J Gen Med 2013; 6:159-66. [PMID: 23525602 PMCID: PMC3603329 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s40187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background High intensity exercise is considered as an effective means for reducing body fat. The aims of the present study were to investigate (1) whether body mass would be lost and body composition would change and (2) whether variables of anaerobic fitness prior to the intervention period would be related to loss of body mass and changes in body composition in overweight and obese children and adolescents. Methods A total of 28 children and adolescents (19 boys, 9 girls) attended an 8-week multicomponent inpatient program. Caloric intake was based on the subject’s weight and a daily energy deficit of ~500 kcal was targeted. At the beginning and at the end of the program, variables of anaerobic fitness were assessed using Wingate tests. Body composition was measured before and after the program using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Results Body mass decreased by 11.4% ± 1.6% in boys and by 11.0% ± 2.8% in girls (P < 0.001). Fat mass decreased by 23.8% ± 6.1% in boys and by 21.5% ± 5.2% in girls (P < 0.001). The decrease in fat mass was associated with the decrease in body mass in boys (r = 0.54, P = 0.017) but not in girls (P > 0.05). The decrease in body mass and the decrease in fat mass were neither associated with overall energy expenditure nor with the energy deficit in both genders (P > 0.05). Mean power in W/kg increased in the Wingate tests by 95.4% ± 109.1% in boys and by 100.0% ± 119.9% in girls (P < 0.001). Conclusions Adjustments of the chronically positive imbalance of energy intake and energy expenditure of obese children and adolescents living in obesogenic environments should be addressed in a multisectoral approach. Future research in multicomponent childhood and adolescent weight loss programs should be directed towards a better understanding of the underlying complex dynamics in energy homeostasis which promote weight loss and changes in body composition due to high intensity exercise interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Karner-Rezek
- Private University of the Principality of Liechtenstein, Triesen, Principality of Liechtenstein, Zurich, Switzerland
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Heydari M, Boutcher YN, Boutcher SH. The effects of high-intensity intermittent exercise training on cardiovascular response to mental and physical challenge. Int J Psychophysiol 2012; 87:141-6. [PMID: 23220158 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2012.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2012] [Revised: 10/26/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The purpose was to examine the effect of a 12-week exercise intervention on the cardiovascular and autonomic response of males to mental and physical challenge. Thirty four young overweight males were randomly assigned to either an exercise or control group. The exercise group completed a high-intensity intermittent exercise (HIIE) program three times per week for 12weeks. Cardiovascular response to the Stroop task was determined before and after the intervention by assessing heart rate (HR), stroke volume (SV), arterial stiffness, baroreflex sensitivity (BRS), and skeletal muscle blood flow. The exercise group improved their aerobic fitness levels by 17% and reduced their body weight by 1.6kg. Exercisers compared to controls experienced a significant reduction in HR (p<0.001) and a significant increase in SV (p<0.001) at rest and during Stroop and exercise. For exercisers, arterial stiffness significantly decreased at rest and during Stroop (p<0.01), whereas BRS was increased at rest and during Stroop (p<0.01). Forearm blood flow was significantly increased during the first two minutes of Stroop (p<0.05). HIIE induced significant cardiovascular and autonomic changes at rest and during mental and physical challenge after 12weeks of training.
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High-intensity intermittent exercise and cardiovascular and autonomic function. Clin Auton Res 2012; 23:57-65. [DOI: 10.1007/s10286-012-0179-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 09/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Sandvei M, Jeppesen PB, Støen L, Litleskare S, Johansen E, Stensrud T, Enoksen E, Hautala A, Martinmäki K, Kinnunen H, Tulppo M, Jensen J. Sprint interval running increases insulin sensitivity in young healthy subjects. Arch Physiol Biochem 2012; 118:139-47. [PMID: 22540332 DOI: 10.3109/13813455.2012.677454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
High intensity cycling training increases oxidative capacity in skeletal muscles and improves insulin sensitivity. The present study compared the effect of eight weeks of sprint interval running (SIT) and continuous running at moderate intensity (CT) on insulin sensitivity and cholesterol profile in young healthy subjects (age 25.2 ± 0.7; VO(2max) 49.3 ± 1.2 ml·kg(-1)·min(-1)). SIT and CT increased maximal oxygen uptake by 5.3 ± 1.8 and 3.8 ± 1.6%, respectively (p < 0.05 for both). Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed before and 60 h after the last training session. SIT, but not CT, reduced glucose area under curve and improved HOMA β-cell index (p < 0.05). Insulin area under curve did not decrease significantly in any group. SIT, but not CT, reduced LDL and total cholesterol. In conclusion, sprint interval running improves insulin sensitivity and cholesterol profile in healthy subjects, and sprint interval running may be more effective to improve insulin sensitivity than continuous running at moderate intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marit Sandvei
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Science, PO Box 4014 Ullevål Stadion, N-0806 Oslo, Norway
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Abstract
High-intensity interval training (HIT) is characterized by intermittent periods of work and rest and may include work bouts lasting seconds to minutes. HIT has typically been applied to older, diseased, and at-risk populations using longer work intervals (2-4 minutes), whereas more recent definitions of HIT include work intervals of 30 to 60 s. Both traditional endurance training (TET) and HIT exert a peripheral affect increasing the capacity of muscle cells to oxidize substrate via signaling cascades that support the activation of transcription factors that orchestrate the coexpression of nuclear and mitochondrial genes, with HIT triggering these benefits following minutes of training. With 1 exception, reports of central adaptations (eg, increased stroke volume) have been based on longer work intervals (eg, 4 minutes). Recent investigations have tied HIT to increased lipolysis and enhanced insulin sensitivity. HIT favors the activation of oxidative as opposed to hypertrophic pathways. Although the length of the work interval may need to be adjusted to fit the needs and capacity of the participant, HIT should be considered as an alternative to TET for older adults with the expectation that it requires less time to execute, yet promotes peripheral and perhaps central adaptations.
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Heydari M, Freund J, Boutcher SH. The effect of high-intensity intermittent exercise on body composition of overweight young males. J Obes 2012; 2012:480467. [PMID: 22720138 PMCID: PMC3375095 DOI: 10.1155/2012/480467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2012] [Revised: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 04/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine the effect of a 12-week high intensity intermittent exercise (HIIE) intervention on total body, abdominal, trunk, visceral fat mass, and fat free mass of young overweight males. Participants were randomly assigned to either exercise or control group. The intervention group received HIIE three times per week, 20 min per session, for 12 weeks. Aerobic power improved significantly (P < 0.001) by 15% for the exercising group. Exercisers compared to controls experienced significant weight loss of 1.5 kg (P < 0.005) and a significant reduction in total fat mass of 2 kg (P < 0.001). Abdominal and trunk adiposity was also significantly reduced in the exercising group by 0.1 kg (P < 0.05) and 1.5 kg (P < 0.001). Also the exercise group had a significant (P < 0.01) 17% reduction in visceral fat after 12 weeks of HIIE, whereas waist circumference was significantly decreased by week six (P < 0.001). Fat free mass was significantly increased (P < 0.05) in the exercising group by 0.4 kg for the leg and 0.7 kg for the trunk. No significant change (P > 0.05) occurred in levels of insulin, HOMA-IR, and blood lipids. Twelve weeks of HIIE resulted in significant reductions in total, abdominal, trunk, and visceral fat and significant increases in fat free mass and aerobic power.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Heydari
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - J. Freund
- St Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Sydney, Australia
| | - S. H. Boutcher
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- *S. H. Boutcher:
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Abstract
The effect of regular aerobic exercise on body fat is negligible; however, other forms of exercise may have a greater impact on body composition. For example, emerging research examining high-intensity intermittent exercise (HIIE) indicates that it may be more effective at reducing subcutaneous and abdominal body fat than other types of exercise. The mechanisms underlying the fat reduction induced by HIIE, however, are undetermined. Regular HIIE has been shown to significantly increase both aerobic and anaerobic fitness. HIIE also significantly lowers insulin resistance and results in a number of skeletal muscle adaptations that result in enhanced skeletal muscle fat oxidation and improved glucose tolerance. This review summarizes the results of HIIE studies on fat loss, fitness, insulin resistance, and skeletal muscle. Possible mechanisms underlying HIIE-induced fat loss and implications for the use of HIIE in the treatment and prevention of obesity are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen H. Boutcher
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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Intermittent versus constant aerobic exercise: effects on arterial stiffness. Eur J Appl Physiol 2009; 108:801-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-009-1285-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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