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1
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Analysis of serum metabolome of workers occupationally exposed to hexavalent chromium: A preliminary study. Toxicol Lett 2021; 349:92-100. [PMID: 34153407 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2021.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) compound is considered as a common environmental and occupational pollutant due to widespread application in industry and agriculture. Cr(VI) as a carcinogen poses a serious threat to human health and the underlying mechanisms need further investigation. Previous studies had demonstrated the characteristic expression profiling after Cr(VI) treatment in vitro and in vivo at the levels of gene and protein. The comprehensive metabolic signatures were also conducive to discover potential biomarkers for effects assessment of Cr(VI) toxicity. In the current study, Ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) non-targeted metabolomics was applied to analyze serum metabolic changes in 77 chromate exposure workers and 62 controls. Thirteen metabolites were found significantly decreased and 41 metabolites were increased, which were involved in arginine and proline metabolism, and glycerophospholipid metabolism by bioinformatic analysis. Furthermore, there were significant negative correlations between blood Cr level and Arginine, PC(18:2/24:4) and PC(14:0/16:0), subgroup analyses indicated that these correlations were observed in male-only subgroups, and were not found among chromate workers and controls separately. Diet could be a potential confounder which was not controlled rigorously in this study. These findings provided preliminary clues to investigate the underlying mechanisms of Cr(VI)-induced toxicity and were required to be further verified in future researches.
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2
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Banach W, Nitschke K, Krajewska N, Mongiałło W, Matuszak O, Muszyński J, Skrypnik D. The Association between Excess Body Mass and Disturbances in Somatic Mineral Levels. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7306. [PMID: 33022938 PMCID: PMC7582962 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity and excess body weight are significant epidemiological issues, not only because they are costly to treat, but also because they are among the leading causes of death worldwide. In 2016, an estimated 40% of the global population was overweight, reflecting the importance of the issue. Obesity is linked to metabolism malfunction and concomitantly with altered mineral levels in the body. In this paper, we review alterations in somatic levels of iron, calcium, magnesium, copper, iodine, chromium, selenium, and zinc in relation to excess body mass. METHODOLOGY An electronic literature search was performed using PubMed. Our search covered original English research articles published over the past five years, culminating in 63 papers included for study. RESULTS The reviewed papers presented correlation between obesity and hypomagnesemia and hypozincemia. They also indicated that patients with excess body mass present increased body copper levels. Studies have similarly indicated that obesity appears to be associated with lower selenium levels in both blood and urine, which may be correlated with the decline and weakening of defenses against oxidative stress. It has been found that decreased level of chromium is connected with metabolic syndrome. Chromium supplementation influences body mass, but the effect of the supplementation depends on the chemical form of the chromium. It is hypothesized that obesity poses a risk of iodine deficiency and iodine absorption may be disrupted by increased fat intake in obese women. A range of studies have suggested that obesity is correlated with iron deficiency. On the other hand, some reports have indicated that excess body mass may coexist with iron excess. The relation between obesity and body iron level requires further investigation. Calcium signaling seems to be disturbed in obesity, due to the increased production of reactive oxygen species and low level of fast troponin isoform responsible for mediating calcium sensitivity of muscle relaxation. Correlation between excess body mass and calcium levels needs further research. CONCLUSIONS Excess body mass is associated with alterations in mineral levels in the body, in particular hypomagnesemia and decreased selenium (Se) and zinc (Zn) levels. Chromium (Cr) deficiency is associated with metabolic syndrome. Obese patients are at risk of iodine deficiency. Excess body mass is associated with elevated levels of copper (Cu). Data on the association between obesity and iron (Fe) levels are contradictory. Obesity coexists with disturbed calcium (Ca) signaling pathways. The association between obesity and body Ca levels has not been investigated in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weronika Banach
- Faculty of Medicine, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Fredry St. 10, 61-701 Poznań, Poland; (W.B.); (K.N.); (N.K.); (W.M.); (O.M.); (J.M.)
| | - Karolina Nitschke
- Faculty of Medicine, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Fredry St. 10, 61-701 Poznań, Poland; (W.B.); (K.N.); (N.K.); (W.M.); (O.M.); (J.M.)
| | - Natalia Krajewska
- Faculty of Medicine, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Fredry St. 10, 61-701 Poznań, Poland; (W.B.); (K.N.); (N.K.); (W.M.); (O.M.); (J.M.)
| | - Wojciech Mongiałło
- Faculty of Medicine, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Fredry St. 10, 61-701 Poznań, Poland; (W.B.); (K.N.); (N.K.); (W.M.); (O.M.); (J.M.)
| | - Oskar Matuszak
- Faculty of Medicine, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Fredry St. 10, 61-701 Poznań, Poland; (W.B.); (K.N.); (N.K.); (W.M.); (O.M.); (J.M.)
| | - Józef Muszyński
- Faculty of Medicine, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Fredry St. 10, 61-701 Poznań, Poland; (W.B.); (K.N.); (N.K.); (W.M.); (O.M.); (J.M.)
| | - Damian Skrypnik
- Department of Treatment of Obesity, Metabolic Disorders and Clinical Dietetics, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Szamarzewskiego St. 82/84, 60-569 Poznań, Poland
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3
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Fabrication of Biopolymer Based Nanoparticles for the Entrapment of Chromium and Iron Supplements. Processes (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/pr8060707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to encapsulate iron and chromium into novel nanoparticles formulated using chitosan (CS), dextran sulfate (DS) and whey protein isolate (WPI) for oral drug delivery. Empty and loaded CS-DS nanoparticles were prepared via complex coacervation whilst whey protein nanocarriers were produced by a modified thermal processing method using chitosan. The physiochemical properties of the particles were characterized to determine the effects of formulation variables, including biopolymer ratio on particle size and zeta potential. Permeability studies were also undertaken on the most stable whey protein–iron nanoparticles by measuring Caco-2 ferritin formation. A particle size analysis revealed that the majority of samples were sub-micron sized, ranging from 420–2400 nm for CS-DS particles and 220–1000 nm for WPI-CS samples. As expected, a higher chitosan concentration conferred a 17% more positive zeta potential on chromium-entrapped WPI nanoparticles, whilst a higher dextran volume decreased the size of CS-DS nanoparticles by 32%. The addition of iron also caused a significant increase in size for all samples, as seen where the loaded WPI samples were 296 nm larger than the empty particles. Caco-2 iron absorption revealed that one formulation, which had the lowest particle size (226 ± 10 nm), caused a 64% greater iron absorption compared to the ferrous sulfate standard. This study describes, for the first time, the novel design of chromium- and iron-entrapped nanoparticles, which could act as novel systems for oral drug delivery.
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4
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Khodavirdipour A, Haddadi F, Keshavarzi S. Chromium Supplementation; Negotiation with Diabetes Mellitus, Hyperlipidemia and Depression. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2020; 19:585-595. [PMID: 32550211 DOI: 10.1007/s40200-020-00501-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Chromium (Cr) is an essential trace element which found naturally in a daily diet and available in the form of supplementary tablets to boost disorders like diabetes mellitus (DM) and functions like lipid metabolism and beneficial on depression too. Diabetes is one of the most prevalent endocrine diseases or in other words, the most severe metabolic syndrome (MS), which associated with high production of free-radicals which is out of bodies detoxifying machine capacity or high oxidative stress (HOS), vasculitis and elevated lipid profile. many research papers and clinical trials published about the significance of chromium on biological activities, pre and post clinical. For this review research articles, clinical trials, from 1st Jan'10 to 31st Dec'18 and refer literature for the biochemical, pharmacological and biological activity of Chromium. Primarily articles gathered from the above search engines. Then precisely according to our aim and goal and regarding designed objectives dismisses similar articles and finally came to 84 articles for the above said period. This review trying to cover the entire picture from what chromium is to the recent updates on their greater role in increasing insulin sensitivity of cells and enhancing lipid metabolism and even recent findings suggest its positive effects including prevention and ameliorating properties on depression. The biological activities, pharmacological features, clinical implications including efficacy and role of chromium compounds on the glycaemic index will be discussed. The outcome of this review is to bring the pros and cons of chromium supplementation along with is safety and toxicity concern beside molecular pathways, biochemistry and clinical trials, all in one comprehensive review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Khodavirdipour
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Anatomy, St. john's hospital, Bangalore, India.,Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, 98613-35856 Iran
| | - Fatemeh Haddadi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran
| | - Shiva Keshavarzi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran
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5
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Ferreira LMR, Cunha-Oliveira T, Sobral MC, Abreu PL, Alpoim MC, Urbano AM. Impact of Carcinogenic Chromium on the Cellular Response to Proteotoxic Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20194901. [PMID: 31623305 PMCID: PMC6801751 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Worldwide, several million workers are employed in the various chromium (Cr) industries. These workers may suffer from a variety of adverse health effects produced by dusts, mists and fumes containing Cr in the hexavalent oxidation state, Cr(VI). Of major importance, occupational exposure to Cr(VI) compounds has been firmly associated with the development of lung cancer. Counterintuitively, Cr(VI) is mostly unreactive towards most biomolecules, including nucleic acids. However, its intracellular reduction produces several species that react extensively with biomolecules. The diversity and chemical versatility of these species add great complexity to the study of the molecular mechanisms underlying Cr(VI) toxicity and carcinogenicity. As a consequence, these mechanisms are still poorly understood, in spite of intensive research efforts. Here, we discuss the impact of Cr(VI) on the stress response—an intricate cellular system against proteotoxic stress which is increasingly viewed as playing a critical role in carcinogenesis. This discussion is preceded by information regarding applications, chemical properties and adverse health effects of Cr(VI). A summary of our current understanding of cancer initiation, promotion and progression is also provided, followed by a brief description of the stress response and its links to cancer and by an overview of potential molecular mechanisms of Cr(VI) carcinogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo M R Ferreira
- Department of Surgery and Diabetes Center and Sean N. Parker Autoimmune Research Laboratory, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| | - Teresa Cunha-Oliveira
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, UC-Biotech, Biocant Park, 3060-197 Cantanhede, Portugal.
| | - Margarida C Sobral
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Patrícia L Abreu
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Maria Carmen Alpoim
- Department of Life Sciences, Center of Investigation in Environment, Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO) and CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Ana M Urbano
- Department of Life Sciences, Molecular Physical Chemistry Research Unit and Center of Investigation in Environment, Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), University of Coimbra, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal.
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6
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Nussbaumerova B, Rosolova H, Krizek M, Sefrna F, Racek J, Müller L, Sindberg C. Chromium Supplementation Reduces Resting Heart Rate in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome and Impaired Glucose Tolerance. Biol Trace Elem Res 2018; 183:192-199. [PMID: 28856601 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-017-1128-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Chromium (Cr) is considered as an important mineral, involved in biochemical reactions in human metabolic pathways. Organically bound Cr supplementation has been suggested to improve glycemia especially in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, but there are conflicting reports on efficacy. Effect of Cr is not clear in prediabetes status. Seventy patients with metabolic syndrome and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), who are observed and treated in the Center of Preventive Cardiology of the University Hospital in Pilsen, were included in the prospective, randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled clinical study. Effect of Cr-enriched yeast (200 μg of elementary Cr in the morning and 100 μg in the evening) on glucose, lipid metabolism, fat tissue hormones, oxidative stress, and DNA damage markers was analyzed. There were no significant changes in glucose and lipid parameters, oxidative stress, or other laboratory markers. Only resting heart rate was significantly reduced in patients treated by Cr yeast, reflecting reduced sympathetic activity. This could represent an important cardiovascular risk reduction in patients with high cardiometabolic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Nussbaumerova
- Center of Preventive Cardiology, 2nd Medical Department, Medical Faculty in Pilsen and Faculty Hospital, Charles University Prague, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Rosolova
- Center of Preventive Cardiology, 2nd Medical Department, Medical Faculty in Pilsen and Faculty Hospital, Charles University Prague, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Krizek
- Center of Preventive Cardiology, 2nd Medical Department, Medical Faculty in Pilsen and Faculty Hospital, Charles University Prague, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Frantisek Sefrna
- Center of Preventive Cardiology, 2nd Medical Department, Medical Faculty in Pilsen and Faculty Hospital, Charles University Prague, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Racek
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry and Hematology, Medical Faculty in Pilsen and Faculty Hospital, Charles University Prague, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Ludek Müller
- New Technologies for the Information Society, European Centre of Excellence, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of West Bohemia, Pilsen, Czech Republic
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Narayanan J, Carlos-Alberto AH, Arturo LM, Höpfl H, Enrique-Fernando VC, Fernando RA, Fernando-Toyohiko WK, Velazquez-Lopez JE, Lesli AO. Hydrogen bond assisted interaction of glutamine with chromium (III) complex of 8-hydroxyquinoline: Experimental and theoretical studies. J Mol Struct 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2017.11.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Abstract
Assessment of micronutrient status of patients requiring long-term parenteral nutrition (PN) continues to be a challenge for clinicians. The scientific literature primarily consists of small studies and case reports. There are no evidence-based guidelines available. Clinicians rely on clinical assessment according to the patient's disease process, medication regimen, physical examination, and history of nutrient intake to determine existence or risk of micronutrient deficiency and toxicity. This paper will examine current scientific evidence and existing recommendations for the micronutrient assessment and management of patients requiring long-term PN.
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9
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Stehle P, Stoffel-Wagner B, Kuhn KS. Parenteral trace element provision: recent clinical research and practical conclusions. Eur J Clin Nutr 2016; 70:886-93. [PMID: 27049031 PMCID: PMC5399133 DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2016.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this systematic review (PubMed, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed and Cochrane, www.cochrane.org; last entry 31 December 2014) was to present data from recent clinical studies investigating parenteral trace element provision in adult patients and to draw conclusions for clinical practice. Important physiological functions in human metabolism are known for nine trace elements: selenium, zinc, copper, manganese, chromium, iron, molybdenum, iodine and fluoride. Lack of, or an insufficient supply of, these trace elements in nutrition therapy over a prolonged period is associated with trace element deprivation, which may lead to a deterioration of existing clinical symptoms and/or the development of characteristic malnutrition syndromes. Therefore, all parenteral nutrition prescriptions should include a daily dose of trace elements. To avoid trace element deprivation or imbalances, physiological doses are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Stehle
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences - Nutritional Physiology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - B Stoffel-Wagner
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Clinic of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - K S Kuhn
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences - Nutritional Physiology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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10
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Sardesai VM, Myers T. Clinincal Observations: Nutrient Supplements in Clinical Care. Nutr Clin Pract 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/088453360101600108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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11
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Liepa G. Editorial: Cardioprotective Effects of ω-3 Fatty Acids: A Critical Review That Should Be Read by a Wide Range of Health Professionals. Nutr Clin Pract 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/088453360101600102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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12
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Gonçalves AC, Pilla V, Oliveira E, Santos SM, Capelo JL, Dos Santos AA, Lodeiro C. The interaction of Hg2+and trivalent ions with two new fluorescein bio-inspired dual colorimetric/fluorimetric probes. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:9513-22. [DOI: 10.1039/c6dt01180b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Two new bio-inspired fluorescein derivatives were successfully synthesized and both the compounds showed a “turn on” fluorescence in the presence of trivalent (Al3+, Fe3+, Ga3+, Cr3+) and Hg2+metal ions, forming mononuclear complexes in acetonitrile.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. C. Gonçalves
- Instituto de Química
- Universidade de São Paulo
- São Paulo
- Brazil
- BIOSCOPE Group
| | - V. Pilla
- BIOSCOPE Group
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE
- Departamento de Química
- Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia
- Universidade Nova de Lisboa
| | - E. Oliveira
- BIOSCOPE Group
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE
- Departamento de Química
- Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia
- Universidade Nova de Lisboa
| | - S. M. Santos
- CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Aveiro
- 3810-193 Aveiro
- Portugal
| | - J. L. Capelo
- BIOSCOPE Group
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE
- Departamento de Química
- Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia
- Universidade Nova de Lisboa
| | | | - C. Lodeiro
- BIOSCOPE Group
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE
- Departamento de Química
- Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia
- Universidade Nova de Lisboa
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Brownley KA, Boettiger CA, Young L, Cefalu WT. Dietary chromium supplementation for targeted treatment of diabetes patients with comorbid depression and binge eating. Med Hypotheses 2015; 85:45-8. [PMID: 25838140 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2015.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Revised: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Dietary chromium supplementation for the treatment of diabetes remains controversial. The prevailing view that chromium supplementation for glucose regulation is unjustified has been based upon prior studies showing mixed, modest-sized effects in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Based on chromium's potential to improve insulin, dopamine, and serotonin function, we hypothesize that chromium has a greater glucoregulatory effect in individuals who have concurrent disturbances in dopamine and serotonin function--that is, complex patients with comorbid diabetes, depression, and binge eating. We propose, as suggested by the collective data to date, the need to go beyond the "one size fits all" approach to chromium supplementation and put forth a series of experiments designed to link physiological and neurobehavioral processes in the chromium response phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly A Brownley
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Charlotte A Boettiger
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Laura Young
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - William T Cefalu
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
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Khan RU, Naz S, Dhama K, Saminathan M, Tiwari R, Jeon GJ, Laudadio V, Tufarelli V. Modes of Action and Beneficial Applications of Chromium in Poultry Nutrition, Production and Health: A Review. INT J PHARMACOL 2014. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2014.357.367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Landman GWD, Bilo HJG, Houweling ST, Kleefstra N. Chromium does not belong in the diabetes treatment arsenal: Current evidence and future perspectives. World J Diabetes 2014; 5:160-164. [PMID: 24748929 PMCID: PMC3990317 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v5.i2.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromium is considered to have positive effects on insulin sensitivity and is marketed as an adjunctive therapy for inducing glucose tolerance in cases of insulin resistance (“the glucose tolerance factor”). Case reports on patients who received prolonged parenteral nutrition indeed showed that the absence of trivalent chromium caused insulin resistance and diabetes. However, whether patients with type 2 diabetes can develop a clinically relevant chromium deficiency is unclear. This review summarizes the available evidence regarding the potential effectiveness of chromium supplementation on glycemic control (Hemoglobin A1c levels) in patients with type 2 diabetes. No studies investigating the long-term safety of chromium in humans were found. All clinical trials that have been performed had a relative short follow-up period. None of the trials investigated whether the patients had risk factors for chromium deficiency. The evidence from randomized trials in patients with type 2 diabetes demonstrated that chromium supplementation does not effectively improve glycemic control. The meta-analyses showed that chromium supplementation did not improve fasting plasma glucose levels. Moreover, there were no clinically relevant chromium effects on body weight in individuals with or without diabetes. Future studies should focus on reliable methods to estimate chromium status to identify patients at risk for pathological alterations in their metabolism associated with chromium deficiency. Given the present data, there is no evidence that supports advising patients with type 2 diabetes to take chromium supplements.
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16
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Scientific Opinion on the risks to public health related to the presence of chromium in food and drinking water. EFSA J 2014. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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17
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Rech M, To L, Tovbin A, Smoot T, Mlynarek M. Heavy metal in the intensive care unit: a review of current literature on trace element supplementation in critically ill patients. Nutr Clin Pract 2013; 29:78-89. [PMID: 24336443 DOI: 10.1177/0884533613515724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Trace elements are essential for many physiologic processes. In recent years, supplementation has been studied for a variety of indications, including glycemic control, wound healing, antioxidant effect, and anemia. Critical illness, especially states such as burns, traumas, and septic shock, is associated with inflammatory and oxidative stress, immune dysfunction, and malnutrition. In these patients, enteral and parenteral nutrition or pharmaceutical supplementation is used to provide essential macronutrients, including trace elements. The purpose of this review is to describe trace element supplementation, including iron, copper, chromium, manganese, selenium, and zinc, and highlight their mechanism, pharmacology, outcome data, and adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Rech
- Megan Rech, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL 60153, USA.
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18
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Sundaram B, Singhal K, Sandhir R. Anti-atherogenic effect of chromium picolinate in streptozotocin-induced experimental diabetes. J Diabetes 2013; 5:43-50. [PMID: 22650796 DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-0407.2012.00211.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies have implicated changes in the levels of trace elements in diabetes. Chromium is one such element that seems to potentiate insulin action, thereby regulating carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of chromium supplementation as chromium picolinate on the lipid profile of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. METHODS Rats were rendered diabetic by a single injection of STZ (50 mg/kg, i.p.). Chromium picolinate (1 mg/kg per day, p.o.) was administered to rats for a period of 4 weeks. At the end of the treatment period, plasma total lipids, triglycerides, total cholesterol and lipoprotein levels were determined, as was hepatic glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity. RESULTS Total plasma lipids increased significantly in diabetic rats and this increase was ameliorated by chromium treatment for 4 weeks. Elevated total lipids in diabetic rats were due to increased plasma triglyceride and cholesterol levels. Chromium supplementation lowered plasma triglyceride and cholesterol levels to near normal. Chromium treatment also normalized low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) and very low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels and improved the total cholesterol:high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) and HDL-C:LDL-C ratios, suggesting an anti-atherogenic effect. In addition to improving the plasma lipid profile, chromium supplementation normalized liver glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity in diabetic rats. CONCLUSIONS These results provide evidence that chromium picolinate effectively attenuates the dyslipidemia associated with diabetes and thus can be used as an adjuvant therapy in the treatment of diabetes and its associated complications.
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19
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Cieslak W, Pap K, Bunch DR, Reineks E, Jackson R, Steinle R, Wang S. Highly sensitive measurement of whole blood chromium by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Clin Biochem 2013; 46:266-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2012.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Revised: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/24/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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20
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Abstract
Over fifty years ago, the element chromium (as the trivalent ion) was proposed to be an essential element for mammals with a role in maintaining proper carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Evidence for an essential role came from dietary studies with rodents, studies on the effects of chromium on subjects on total parenteral nutrition, and studies of the absorption and transport of chromium. Over the next several decades, chromium-containing nutritional supplements became so popular for weight loss and muscle development that sales were second only to calcium among mineral supplements. However, the failure to identify the responsible biomolecules(s) that bind chromium(III) and their mode of action, particularly a postulated species named glucose tolerance factor or GTF, resulted in the status of chromium being questioned in recent years, such that the question of its being essential needs to be formally readdressed. At the same time as chromium(III)'s popularity as a nutritional supplement was growing, concerns over its safety appeared. While chromium has been conclusively shown not to have beneficial effects on body mass or composition and should be removed from the list of essential trace elements, chromium(III) compounds are generally nontoxic and have beneficial pharmacological effects in rodents models of insulin insensitivity, although human studies have not conclusively shown any beneficial effects. Mechanisms have been proposed for these pharmacological effects, but all suffer from a lack of consistent supporting evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- John B Vincent
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487-0336, USA,
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Sharma S, Agrawal RP, Choudhary M, Jain S, Goyal S, Agarwal V. Beneficial effect of chromium supplementation on glucose, HbA1C and lipid variables in individuals with newly onset type-2 diabetes. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2011; 25:149-53. [PMID: 21570271 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2011.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2010] [Revised: 02/10/2011] [Accepted: 03/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PROJECT Chromium is an essential nutrient involved in normal carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. It influences glucose metabolism by potentiating the action as taking part in insulin signal amplification mechanism. A placebo-controlled single blind, prospective study was carried out to investigate the effect of chromium supplementation on blood glucose, HbA(1)C and lipid profile in newly onset patients with type-2 diabetes. PROCEDURE Total 40 newly onset type-2 diabetics were selected and after 1 month stabilization further randomly divided into two groups viz. study group and placebo group. The study group received 9 g brewer's yeast (42 μg Cr) daily and the other placebo group received yeast devoid of chromium for 3 months. Subjects were instructed not to change their normal eating and living habits. Fasting blood glucose, HbA(1)C and lipid profile were analyzed at beginning and completion of the study. RESULTS Results revealed that fasting blood glucose level significantly reduced in the subjects consuming yeast supplemented with chromium (197.65±6.68 to 103.68±6.64 mg/dL; p<0.001). HbA(1)C values improved significantly from 9.51±0.26% to 6.86±0.28%; p<0.001 indicating better glycaemic control. In experimental group total cholesterol, TG and LDL levels were also significantly reduced from 199.66±3.11 to 189.26±3.01 mg/dL; p<0.02, 144.94±8.31 to 126.01±8.26; p<0.05 and 119.19±1.71 to 99.58±1.10; p<0.001 respectively. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate beneficial effect of chromium supplementation on glycaemic control and lipid variables in subjects with newly onset type-2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpi Sharma
- College of Home Science, MPUA&T, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India
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Competitive binding of Fe3+, Cr3+, and Ni2+ to transferrin. J Biol Inorg Chem 2011; 16:913-21. [PMID: 21678080 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-011-0792-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2011] [Accepted: 05/18/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Competitive binding of Fe(3+), Cr(3+), and Ni(2+) to transferrin (Tf) was investigated at various physiological iron to Tf concentration ratios. Loading percentages for these metal ions are based on a two M(n+) to one Tf (i.e., 100% loading) stoichiometry and were determined using a particle beam/hollow cathode-optical emission spectroscopy (PB/HC-OES) method. Serum iron concentrations typically found in normal, iron-deficient, iron-deficient from chronic disease, iron-deficient from inflammation, and iron-overload conditions were used to determine the effects of iron concentration on iron loading into Tf. The PB/HC-OES method allows the monitoring of metal ions in competition with Fe(3+) for Tf binding. Iron-overload concentrations impeded the ability of chromium (15.0 μM) or nickel (10.3 μM) to load completely into Tf. Low Fe(3+) uptake by Tf under iron-deficient or chronic disease iron concentrations limited Ni(2+) loading into Tf. Competitive binding kinetic studies were performed with Fe(3+), Cr(3+), and Ni(2+) to determine percentages of metal ion uptake into Tf as a function of time. The initial rates of Fe(3+) loading increased in the presence of nickel or chromium, with maximal Fe(3+) loading into Tf in all cases reaching approximately 24%. Addition of Cr(3+) to 50% preloaded Fe(3+)-Tf showed that excess chromium (15.0 μM) displaced roughly 13% of Fe(3+) from Tf, resulting in 7.6 ± 1.3% Cr(3+) loading of Tf. The PB/HC-OES method provides the ability to monitor multiple metal ions competing for Tf binding and will help to understand metal competition for Tf binding.
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Abstract
The kidneys are famously responsible for maintaining external balance of prevalent minerals, such as sodium, chloride, and potassium. The kidney's role in handling trace minerals is more obscure to most nephrologists. Similarly, the impact of kidney failure on trace mineral metabolism is difficult to anticipate. The associated dietary modifications and dialysis create the potential for trace mineral deficiencies and intoxications. Indeed, there are numerous reports of dialysis-associated mishaps causing mineral intoxication, notable for the challenge of assigning causation. Equally challenging has been the recognition of mineral deficiency syndromes, amid what is often a cacophony of multiple comorbidities that vie for the attention of clinicians who care for patients with chronic kidney disease. In this paper, I review a variety of minerals, some of which are required for maintenance of normal human physiology (the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's list of essential minerals), and some that have attracted attention in the care of dialysis patients. For each mineral, I will discuss its role in normal physiology and will review reported deficiency and toxicity states. I will point out the interesting inter-relationships between several of the elements. Finally, I will address the special concerns of aluminum and magnesium as they pertain to the dialysis population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard K Kasama
- Division of Nephrology, UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Cooper University Hospital, Camden, New Jersey 08103 , USA.
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Scientific Opinion on the safety of chromium picolinate as a source of chromium added for nutritional purposes to foodstuff for particular nutritional uses and to foods intended for the general population. EFSA J 2010. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Scientific Opinion on the safety of trivalent chromium as a nutrient added for nutritional purposes to foodstuffs for particular nutritional uses and foods intended for the general population (including food supplements). EFSA J 2010. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Di Bona KR, Love S, Rhodes NR, McAdory D, Sinha SH, Kern N, Kent J, Strickland J, Wilson A, Beaird J, Ramage J, Rasco JF, Vincent JB. Chromium is not an essential trace element for mammals: effects of a "low-chromium" diet. J Biol Inorg Chem 2010; 16:381-90. [PMID: 21086001 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-010-0734-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2010] [Accepted: 11/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Chromium was proposed to be an essential trace element over 50 years ago and has been accepted as an essential element for over 30 years. However, the studies on which chromium's status are based are methodologically flawed. Whether chromium is an essential element has been examined for the first time in carefully controlled metal-free conditions using a series of purified diets containing various chromium contents. Male Zucker lean rats were housed in specially designed metal-free cages for 6 months and fed the AIN-93G diet with no added chromium in the mineral mix component of the diet, the standard AIN-93G diet, the standard AIN-93G diet supplemented with 200 μg Cr/kg, or the standard AIN-93G diet supplemented with 1,000 μg Cr/kg. The chromium content of the diet had no effect on body mass or food intake. Similarly, the chromium content of the diet had no effect on glucose levels in glucose tolerance or insulin tolerance tests. However, a distinct trend toward lower insulin levels under the curve after a glucose challenge was observed with increasing chromium content in the diet; rats on the supplemented AIN-93G diets had significantly lower areas (P < 0.05) than rats on the low-chromium diet. The studies reveal that a diet with as little chromium as reasonably possible had no effect on body composition, glucose metabolism, or insulin sensitivity compared with a chromium-"sufficient" diet. Together with the results of other recent studies, these results clearly indicate that chromium can no longer be considered an essential element.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin R Di Bona
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
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Chameroy KA, Frank N, Elliott SB, Boston RC. Effects of a supplement containing chromium and magnesium on morphometric measurements, resting glucose, insulin concentrations and insulin sensitivity in laminitic obese horses. Equine Vet J 2010; 43:494-9. [PMID: 21496075 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00302.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Obesity and insulin resistance are risk factors for laminitis in equids and supplements containing chromium and magnesium might improve insulin sensitivity. HYPOTHESIS A supplement containing chromium, magnesium and other nutraceuticals would alter morphometric measurements, blood variables, and insulin sensitivity in laminitic obese horses. METHODS Twelve previously laminitic obese (body condition score ≥ 7/9) horses were randomly allocated to treatment (n = 6) and control (n = 6) groups and 2 obese horses with clinical laminitis were included in the treatment group. Treated animals received 56 g supplement with 0.25 kg oats once daily for 16 weeks. The supplement contained chromium (5 mg/day as yeast), magnesium (8.8 g/day as oxide/proteinate), and other nutraceuticals. Insulin-modified frequently sampled i.v. glucose tolerance tests were performed with hay provided at 0, 8 and 16 weeks, and insulin sensitivity was estimated by minimal model analysis. Physical measurements were collected at the same points. Horses were not exercised. RESULTS Hyperinsulinaemia (>30 µu/ml) was detected in 12 of 14 horses prior to treatment. Glucose and insulin data from one mare with clinical laminitis were excluded because of persistent pain. Mean ± s.d. insulin sensitivity was 0.64 ± 0.62 × 10(-4) l/min/mu prior to treatment for the remaining 13 horses. Time and treatment × time effects were not significant for any of the variables examined, with the exception of resting insulin concentrations, which significantly increased over time (P = 0.018). Health status remained the same. CONCLUSIONS The supplement containing chromium and magnesium evaluated in this study did not alter morphometric measurements, blood variables, resting insulin concentrations or insulin sensitivity in laminitic obese horses. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE Additional research is required to determine the appropriate use of chromium and magnesium supplements in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Chameroy
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
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Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy and Cyclic Voltammetry of cis-[Cr(bipy)2(SCN)2]I (where bipy: 2,2′-Bipyridine) in Polar Solvents. J SOLUTION CHEM 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10953-010-9549-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). Chromium picolinate, zinc picolinate and zinc picolinate dihydrate added for nutritional purposes in food supplements. EFSA J 2009. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2009.1113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Becerra-Torres SL, Rodríguez-Vázquez ML, Medina-Ramírez IE, Jaramillo-Juárez F. The flavonoid quercetin protects and prevents against potassium dichromate–induced systemic peroxidation of lipids and diminution in renal clearance of para-aminohippuric acid and inulin in the rat. Drug Chem Toxicol 2009; 32:88-91. [DOI: 10.1080/01480540802449951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Nutrigenomic basis of beneficial effects of chromium(III) on obesity and diabetes. Mol Cell Biochem 2008; 317:1-10. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-008-9744-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2007] [Accepted: 03/13/2008] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Stupar J, Vrtovec M, Dolinsek F. Longitudinal hair chromium profiles of elderly subjects with normal glucose tolerance and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Metabolism 2007; 56:94-104. [PMID: 17161231 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2006.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2006] [Accepted: 09/12/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Longitudinal hair chromium (H-Cr) profiles in a group of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (n = 59; age, 62 +/- 9 years) and healthy elderly (control) subjects (n = 49; age, 59 +/- 10 years) matched by age and sex were measured by solid sampling electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry, providing data on the magnitude of variation of Cr content along the hair length. H-Cr average (H-Cr(av)) and H-Cr proximal (H-Cr(pr))(.), relating to the average Cr content of the whole hair and the proximal 3-mm hair length, respectively, were also obtained. No significant difference between the healthy and diabetic group was found in mean H-Cr(av) or H-Cr(pr) contents (248 +/- 108 vs 247 +/- 143 and 233 +/- 98 vs 278 +/- 195 ng/g, respectively. However, women in the control group had significantly lower H-Cr values (P < .01) compared with men, but this difference was absent in the diabetic population. The distribution of log H-Cr(pr) values in the control population displayed a Gaussian shape, in contrast to the substantially wider distribution, skewed toward lower H-Cr(pr) values, observed in the diabetic group. The magnitude of variation in H-Cr content in the patient group over an interval of approximately 2 to 3 months (time of growth of the hair sampled) was found to be a factor of more than 2 larger than that in the control population (+/- 58% vs +/- 26%). A strong relationship (R = 0.656; P < .01) between log H-Cr(pr) and log fasting plasma Cr was observed in the diabetic group (n = 20). The mean fasting plasma Cr value of this group was 0.41 +/- 0.10 microg Cr per liter. No correlation between H-Cr(av.) and duration of diabetes was observed. A strong positive association was observed in the control population between H-Cr(pr) and fasting plasma insulin (n = 22; R = 0.6157; P < .01), and H-Cr(pr) and fasting plasma glucose (n = 24; R = 0.4118; P < .05), which is indicative of the interrelation of these parameters. In the control population, H-Cr(av) showed a slight decrease with age (n = 54; R = 0.2691; P < .05), which is assumed to be the result of increased insulin resistance caused by various age-associated factors including Cr deficiency. None of the above relationships was significant in the diabetic group. Evidence is presented that justifies the assumption that the longitudinal H-Cr profile resembles the variation in Cr metabolic rate over the time span of growing hair, which is not appreciably affected by external contamination. This suggests that glucose intolerance (type 2 diabetes mellitus) is an important factor that disturbs Cr metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janez Stupar
- University of Nova Gorica, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Nova Gorica, Vipavska 13, 5001 Nova Gorica, Slovenia.
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Martin J, Wang ZQ, Zhang XH, Wachtel D, Volaufova J, Matthews DE, Cefalu WT. Chromium picolinate supplementation attenuates body weight gain and increases insulin sensitivity in subjects with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2006; 29:1826-32. [PMID: 16873787 DOI: 10.2337/dc06-0254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Chromium picolinate (CrPic) supplementation has been suggested to improve glycemia, but there are conflicting reports on efficacy. We sought to determine the effect of CrPic on insulin sensitivity, glycemic control, and body composition in subjects with type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Thirty-seven subjects with type 2 diabetes were evaluated. After baseline, subjects were placed on a sulfonylurea (glipizide gastrointestinal therapeutic system 5 mg/day) with placebo for 3 months. Subjects were then randomized in a double-blind fashion to receive either the sulfonylurea plus placebo (n = 12) or the sulfonylurea plus 1,000 microg Cr as CrPic (n = 17) for 6 months. Body composition, insulin sensitivity, and glycemic control were determined at baseline, end of the 3-month single-blind placebo phase, and end of study. RESULTS Subjects randomized to sulfonylurea/placebo, as opposed to those randomized to sulfonylurea/CrPic, had a significant increase in body weight (2.2 kg, P < 0.001 vs. 0.9 kg, P = 0.11), percent body fat (1.17%, P < 0.001 vs. 0.12%, P = 0.7), and total abdominal fat (32.5 cm(2), P < 0.05 vs. 12.2 cm(2), P < 0.10) from baseline. Subjects randomized to sulfonylurea/CrPic had significant improvements in insulin sensitivity corrected for fat-free mass (28.8, P < 0.05 vs. 15.9, P = 0.4), GHb (-1.16%, P < 0.005 vs. -0.4%, P = 0.3), and free fatty acids (-0.2 mmol/l, P < 0.001 vs. -0.12 mmol/l, P < 0.03) as opposed to sulfonylurea/placebo. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that CrPic supplementation in subjects with type 2 diabetes who are taking sulfonylurea agents significantly improves insulin sensitivity and glucose control. Further, CrPic supplementation significantly attenuated body weight gain and visceral fat accumulation compared with the placebo group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Martin
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Vermont, Burlington, USA
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Rhodes MC, Hébert CD, Herbert RA, Morinello EJ, Roycroft JH, Travlos GS, Abdo KM. Absence of toxic effects in F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice following subchronic administration of chromium picolinate monohydrate. Food Chem Toxicol 2005; 43:21-9. [PMID: 15582192 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2004.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2004] [Accepted: 08/10/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Chromium picolinate monohydrate (CPM) is a synthetic compound heavily marketed to consumers in the United States for use as a dietary supplement for muscle building and weight loss. The National Toxicology Program (NTP) tested the toxicity of this compound based on the potential for widespread consumer exposure and lack of information about its toxicity. Groups of 10 male and 10 female F344/N rats and B6C3F(1) mice were exposed to 0, 80, 240, 2000, 10,000, or 50,000 ppm CPM in feed for 13 weeks. CPM administration produced no effect on body weight gain or survival of rats or mice. Organ weights and organ/body weight ratios in exposed animals were generally unaffected by CPM. No compound-related changes in hematology and clinical chemistry parameters were observed. There were no histopathological lesions attributed to CPM in rats or mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Rhodes
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Mail Drop EC-34, 79 TW Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- William T Cefalu
- Division of NutritionChronic Disease, The Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, 6400 Perkins Rd., Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA.
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The leaching of chromium from cement-based waste form via a predominantly biological mechanism. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s1093-0191(02)00148-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Vincent JB. The potential value and toxicity of chromium picolinate as a nutritional supplement, weight loss agent and muscle development agent. Sports Med 2003; 33:213-30. [PMID: 12656641 DOI: 10.2165/00007256-200333030-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The element chromium apparently has a role in maintaining proper carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in mammals. As this role probably involves potentiation of insulin signalling, chromium dietary supplementation has been postulated to potentially have effects on body composition, including reducing fat mass and increasing lean body mass. Because the supplement is absorbed better than dietary chromium, most studies have focused on the use of chromium picolinate [Cr(pic)(3)]. Cr(pic)(3) has been amazingly popular with the general public, especially with athletes who may have exercise-induced increased urinary chromium loss; however, its effectiveness in manifesting body composition changes has been an area of intense debate in the last decade. Additionally, claims have appeared that the supplement might give rise to deleterious effects. However, over a decade of human studies with Cr(pic)(3) indicate that the supplement has not demonstrated effects on the body composition of healthy individuals, even when taken in combination with an exercise training programme. Recent cell culture and in vivo rat studies have indicated that Cr(pic)(3) probably generates oxidative damage of DNA and lipids and is mutagenic, although the significance of these results on humans taking the supplement for prolonged periods of time is unknown and should be a focus for future investigations. Given that in vitro studies suggest that other forms of chromium used as nutritional supplements, such as chromium chloride, are unlikely to be susceptible to generating this type of oxidative damage, the use of these compounds, rather than Cr(pic)(3), would appear warranted. Potential neurological effects (both beneficial and deleterious) from Cr(pic)(3) supplementation require further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- John B Vincent
- Department of Chemistry and Coalition for Biomolecular Products, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0336, USA.
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Roerig JL, Mitchell JE, de Zwaan M, Wonderlich SA, Kamran S, Engbloom S, Burgard M, Lancaster K. The eating disorders medicine cabinet revisited: a clinician's guide to appetite suppressants and diuretics. Int J Eat Disord 2003; 33:443-57. [PMID: 12658674 DOI: 10.1002/eat.10159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This article explores the frequencies of use of alternative medications, available products, and their potential toxicities. METHOD Survey data were gathered from 39 consecutive patients diagnosed with bulimia nervosa who were seeking treatment. A survey of area outlets (health food stores, pharmacies, grocery stores) was conducted to establish a database of available agents. Putative active ingredients were identified. MEDLINE literature searches, as well as reviews of specialized texts, were performed to identify the potential toxicities of the ingredients. RESULTS Diet pill use was found in 64% of patients; 18 % reported use in the past month. The survey identified 167 products. Diuretic use was found in 31% of patients; 21% reported use in the past month. Twenty-five diuretic products were identified. DISCUSSION Alternative medicines are frequently used in the population of patients seeking treatment for bulimia nervosa. An abundance of products are available with potentially significant toxicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L Roerig
- Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Fargo, North Dakota, USA.
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Bagchi D, Stohs SJ, Downs BW, Bagchi M, Preuss HG. Cytotoxicity and oxidative mechanisms of different forms of chromium. Toxicology 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0300-483x(02)00708-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
This article thoroughly updates the authors' previous review of nutritional assessment and support during pregnancy. After briefly reviewing nutrient metabolism and requirements, the authors discuss the nutritional assessment of the pregnant woman and review the nutritional support principles in hyperemesis gravidarum and other conditions that can compromise the nutritional health of mother or fetus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elie Hamaoui
- Maimonides Medical Center, 4802 Tenth Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11219, USA.
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Abstract
Nutritional supplements remain a popular choice for patients seeking relief or prevention from a wide range of physical and mental disorders. Review of available literature finds support for some therapeutic uses, but flaws in study design (e.g., small sample sizes) and methodology (e.g., inadequate blinding and a lack of placebo control) limit the possibility of making strong recommendations. Quality-control issues also raise concerns about the safety of supplement use (see previous list). In addition, potential interactions with prescription drugs are another consideration (Table 1). By becoming more knowledgeable about the risks and benefits of nutritional supplements, psychiatrists can assist patients in making informed choices and avoiding unnecessary harm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine C Crone
- Department of Psychiatry, Inova Transplant Center, Falls Church, Virginia, USA
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Chukhlovi AB, Tokalov SV, Yagunov AS, Westendorf J, Reincke H, Karbe L. In vitro suppression of thymocyte apoptosis by metal-rich complex environmental mixtures: potential role of zinc and cadmium excess. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2001; 281:153-163. [PMID: 11778948 DOI: 10.1016/s0048-9697(01)00843-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Excessive amounts of heavy metals (e.g. Zn, Cu, Mn, Cr) are accumulated in river bottom sediments (RBS), being available to humans and animals along food chains. Increased exposure of mammals to certain metals (Cr, Cu) induces immunosuppresion, due to DNA damage and decreased survival of lymphoid cells. By contrast, excess of Zn and Cd causes inhibition of apoptosis thus suggesting increased survival of genetically mutated cells and higher cancer risks in exposed populations. Rat thymic lymphocytes represent a well-established model for apoptosis testing. The primary goal of our study was to assess the degree of apoptosis modulation with a number of RBS extracts differing in their metal contents. A series of freshly deposited RBS was collected at nine sampling stations along the Elbe River. All sediments were rich in Fe, Mn and Zn. The contents of Cu, Cr, Ni, Cd, Hg, Pb and As were much lower and interrelated. The short-term cytotoxicity of aqueous sediment extracts was assessed, using the following criteria: total cell counts; incidence of apoptosis and necrosis (morphological detection by fluorescent microscopy); and nuclear chromatin decay (by DNA flow cytometry). RBS extracts produced both apoptosis and necrosis of thymocytes. High contents of zinc and other heavy metals in the samples correlated with decreased thymocyte apoptosis (r= -0.543 to -0.608, P <0.01). The rates of thymocyte damage showed a distinct dependence on the time and region of sampling. Apoptosis modulation was also tested with pure salts of Mn(II), Zn(II), Cu(II), Cr(III) and Cd(II), at the test concentrations of 1, 10 and 100 microM. Cu(II) and Cr(III) proved to induce marked dose-related apoptosis, whereas Zn(II) ions caused significant suppression of apoptosis. These effects were similar to those trends observed with metal-rich sediments. In the present study. DNA flow cytometry proved to be a less sensitive index of cell death than morphological assay of apoptosis and/or necrosis. In summary, inhibition of lymphocyte apoptosis by RBS extracts and pure metals is associated with excess of zinc and, probably, cadmium. The proposed model of lymphoid cell apoptosis is a promising tool for screening cytotoxic effects of complex environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Chukhlovi
- Center of Hematology, St. Petersburg State Medical University, Russia.
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