Emerging role of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator - an epithelial chloride channel in gastrointestinal cancers

Table 1 Summary of impact of cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator on the malignancies of different organs

Organs	Impact	Ref.
Pancreas	Wildtype CFTR suppresses tumor progression	[23,32-34,38,39]
	CFTR dysfunction my results in obstruction of pancreatic duct and chronic inflammation
Colon	CFTR dysfunction increases the risk of colon cancer	[40-46,48,73]
	Wildtype CFTR may act as a tumor suppressor in colon cancer
Stomach	Serum CFTR is associated with gastric cancer staging	[49]
Lung	CFTR mutation is associated with increased risk of lung cancer	[22,32,50,51,54]
	CFTR expression is also associated with tumor progression and poor prognosis
Prostate	CFTR gene was hypermethylated in prostate cancer cells	[24,58]
Liver	CFTR gene was hypermethylated in hepatocellular cancer cells	[26,59]
Bladder	CFTR gene was hypermethylated in bladder cancer cells	[25]
Breast	Suppresses breast cancer by elevating blood ATP but promotes cancer metastasis by enhancing EMT	[29,32,60]
Cervix	Promotes cancer progression	[61-63]

CFTR: Cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator; EMT: Epithelial-mesenchymal transition.