Relationship of TRAP1, HMGB1, and p62 expression with clinicopathologic features in colon cancer tissues

Table 1 General clinicopathologic characteristics of 120 patients with colon cancer, n (%)

Variable	n (%)
Age (years), mean ± SD	62.9 ± 10.8
Age < 60 years	42 (35.0)
Age ≥ 60 years	78 (65.0)
Male	69 (57.5)
Female	51 (42.5)
Right colon	47 (39.2)
Left colon	73 (60.8)
Maximum tumor diameter < 5 cm	58 (48.3)
Maximum tumor diameter ≥ 5 cm	62 (51.7)
Well/moderately differentiated	84 (70.0)
Poorly differentiated	36 (30.0)
Depth of invasion T1-2	29 (24.2)
Depth of invasion T3-4	91 (75.8)
LNM negative	64 (53.3)
LNM positive	56 (46.7)
TNM stage I-II	60 (50.0)
TNM stage III-IV	60 (50.0)
LVI negative	82 (68.3)
LVI positive	38 (31.7)
PNI negative	91 (75.8)
PNI positive	29 (24.2)

LNM: Lymph node metastasis; TNM: Tumor-node-metastasis; LVI: Lymphovascular invasion; PNI: Perineural invasion.

Table 2 Comparison of TRAP1, HMGB1, and p62 expression between colon cancer tissues and paired adjacent normal mucosa, n (%)

Marker	High expression in tumor	High expression in adjacent tissue	Statistic	P value
TRAP1	63 (52.5)	24 (20.0)	24.635	< 0.001
HMGB1	58 (48.3)	19 (15.8)	28.756	< 0.001
p62	54 (45.0)	21 (17.5)	20.856	< 0.001

Table 3 Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction results of TRAP1, HMGB1, and p62 in 40 paired specimens, mean ± SD

Marker	Tumor tissue (n = 40)	Adjacent tissue (n = 40)	t value	P value
TRAP1	2.31 ± 0.74	1.02 ± 0.29	10.64	< 0.001
HMGB1	2.08 ± 0.69	0.98 ± 0.25	9.87	< 0.001
p62	1.94 ± 0.63	1.01 ± 0.27	8.95	< 0.001

Table 4 Relationship between TRAP1 expression and clinicopathologic characteristics in colon cancer, n (%)

Clinicopathologic variable	Low TRAP1	High TRAP1	χ2	P value
Age < 60 years	22 (52.4)	20 (47.6)	0.617	0.432
Age ≥ 60 years	35 (44.9)	43 (55.1)
Male	31 (44.9)	38 (55.1)	0.431	0.512
Female	26 (51.0)	25 (49.0)
Right colon	23 (48.9)	24 (51.1)	0.064	0.800
Left colon	34 (46.6)	39 (53.4)
Maximum tumor diameter < 5 cm	36 (62.1)	22 (37.9)	9.555	0.002
Maximum tumor diameter ≥ 5 cm	21 (33.9)	41 (66.1)
Well/moderately differentiated	47 (56.0)	37 (44.0)	8.022	0.005
Poorly differentiated	10 (27.8)	26 (72.2)
Depth of invasion T1-2	20 (69.0)	9 (31.0)	7.066	0.008
Depth of invasion T3-4	37 (40.7)	54 (59.3)
LNM (-)	42 (65.6)	22 (34.4)	18.067	<0.001
LNM (+)	15 (26.8)	41 (73.2)
TNM stage I-II	40 (66.7)	20 (33.3)	17.678	<0.001
TNM stage III-IV	17 (28.3)	43 (71.7)
LVI (-)	46 (56.1)	36 (43.9)	7.676	0.006
LVI (+)	11 (28.9)	27 (71.1)
PNI (-)	48 (52.7)	43 (47.3)	4.158	0.041
PNI (+)	9 (31.0)	20 (69.0)

LNM: Lymph node metastasis; TNM: Tumor-node-metastasis; LVI: Lymphovascular invasion; PNI: Perineural invasion.

Table 5 Relationship between HMGB1 expression and clinicopathologic characteristics in colon cancer, n (%)

Clinicopathologic variable	Low HMGB1	High HMGB1	P value
Age < 60 years	24 (57.1)	18 (42.9)	0.491
Age ≥ 60 years	38 (48.7)	40 (51.3)
Male	35 (50.7)	34 (49.3)	0.956
Female	27 (52.9)	24 (47.1)
Right colon	24 (51.1)	23 (48.9)	1.000
Left colon	38 (52.1)	35 (47.9)
Maximum tumor diameter < 5 cm	33 (56.9)	25 (43.1)	0.354
Maximum tumor diameter ≥ 5 cm	29 (46.8)	33 (53.2)
Well/moderately differentiated	49 (58.3)	35 (41.7)	0.042
Poorly differentiated	13 (36.1)	23 (63.9)
Depth of invasion T1-2	20 (69.0)	9 (31.0)	0.054
Depth of invasion T3-4	42 (46.2)	49 (53.8)
LNM (-)	40 (62.5)	24 (37.5)	0.018
LNM (+)	22 (39.3)	34 (60.7)
TNM stage I-II	41 (68.3)	19 (31.7)	< 0.001
TNM stage III-IV	21 (35.0)	39 (65.0)
LVI (-)	46 (56.1)	36 (43.9)	0.219
LVI (+)	16 (42.1)	22 (57.9)
PNI (-)	48 (52.7)	43 (47.3)	0.837
PNI (+)	14 (48.3)	15 (51.7)

HMGB1 was mainly associated with differentiation, lymph node metastasis, and tumor-node-metastasis stage.

LNM: Lymph node metastasis; TNM: Tumor-node-metastasis; LVI: Lymphovascular invasion; PNI: Perineural invasion.

Table 6 Relationship between p62 expression and clinicopathologic characteristics in colon cancer, n (%)

Clinicopathologic variable	Low p62	High p62	P value
Age < 60 years	24 (57.1)	18 (42.9)	0.878
Age ≥ 60 years	42 (53.8)	36 (46.2)
Male	36 (52.2)	33 (47.8)	0.590
Female	30 (58.8)	21 (41.2)
Right colon	27 (57.4)	20 (42.6)	0.807
Left colon	39 (53.4)	34 (46.6)
Maximum tumor diameter < 5 cm	35 (60.3)	23 (39.7)	0.340
Maximum tumor diameter ≥ 5 cm	31 (50.0)	31 (50.0)
Well/moderately differentiated	52 (61.9)	32 (38.1)	0.034
Poorly differentiated	14 (38.9)	22 (61.1)
Depth of invasion T1-2	18 (62.1)	11 (37.9)	0.506
Depth of invasion T3-4	48 (52.7)	43 (47.3)
LNM (-)	42 (65.6)	22 (34.4)	0.020
LNM (+)	24 (42.9)	32 (57.1)
TNM stage I-II	43 (71.7)	17 (28.3)	< 0.001
TNM stage III-IV	23 (38.3)	37 (61.7)
LVI (-)	49 (59.8)	33 (40.2)	0.180
LVI (+)	17 (44.7)	21 (55.3)
PNI (-)	52 (57.1)	39 (42.9)	0.534
PNI (+)	14 (48.3)	15 (51.7)

High p62 expression was mainly associated with differentiation, lymph node metastasis, and tumor-node-metastasis stage.

LNM: Lymph node metastasis; TNM: Tumor-node-metastasis; LVI: Lymphovascular invasion; PNI: Perineural invasion.

Table 7 Multivariable logistic regression analysis of factors associated with lymph node metastasis in colon cancer

Variable	B	SE	Wald χ2	OR	95%CI	P value
Maximum tumor diameter ≥ 5 cm	0.531	0.367	2.093	1.70	0.80-3.60	0.148
Poor differentiation	0.642	0.377	2.892	1.90	0.90-4.10	0.089
Depth of invasion T3-4	0.470	0.447	1.106	1.60	0.60-4.00	0.293
Lymphovascular invasion positive	0.916	0.417	4.828	2.50	1.10-5.70	0.028
High TRAP1 expression	1.386	0.421	10.828	4.00	1.80-8.90	0.001
High HMGB1 expression	0.788	0.399	3.910	2.20	1.00-4.90	0.048
High p62 expression	0.405	0.350	1.346	1.50	0.70-3.40	0.246

Table 8 Multivariable Cox regression analysis of overall survival in patients with colon cancer

Variable	B	SE	HR	95%CI	P value
Age ≥ 60 years	0.412	0.391	1.51	0.70-3.27	0.292
Poor differentiation	0.603	0.428	1.83	0.79-4.24	0.158
LNM positive	0.998	0.415	2.71	1.20-6.10	0.016
LVI positive	0.806	0.405	2.24	1.01-4.94	0.047
High TRAP1 expression	1.061	0.412	2.89	1.29-6.48	0.010
High HMGB1 expression	0.562	0.398	1.75	0.80-3.83	0.157
High p62 expression	0.478	0.387	1.61	0.75-3.45	0.216

LNM: Lymph node metastasis; LVI: Lymphovascular invasion; HR: Hazard ratio; CI: Confidence interval.