Investigation of interaction between sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors and FOLFOX with colorectal cancer and type 2 diabetes

Table 1 Comparison of baseline data between the two groups, mean ± SD

Indicators	Control group (n = 80)	Experimental group (n = 80)	t/χ2	P value
Age (years)	61.21 ± 8.49	60.75 ± 9.13	0.330	0.742
Gender (male/female)	45/35	47/33	0.102	0.749
Tumor location			0.120	0.989
Transverse colon	9	10
Right colon	25	24
Left colon	16	17
Sigmoid colon	30	29
TNM staging			0.332	0.847
III A	15	16
III B	46	48
III C	19	16
Glycated hemoglobin (%)	8.06 ± 0.84	8.02 ± 0.83	0.310	0.757
Fasting blood glucose (mmol/L)	7.81 ± 1.93	7.85 ± 1.89	-0.130	0.896
Epidermal growth factor receptor (ml/minute/1.73 m²)	87.92 ± 13.24	86.59 ± 14.52	0.605	0.546
Carcinoembryonic antigen	15.95 ± 3.53	16.83 ± 3.49	-1.587	0.115
Carbohydrate antigen 19-9	86.48 ± 3.99	87.35 ± 3.85	-1.405	0.162

It compares the continuous variables (e.g., age, glycated hemoglobin, fasting blood glucose, epidermal growth factor receptor, carcinoembryonic antigen, carbohydrate antigen 19-9) between the two groups by independent samples t-tests, and the categorical variables (e.g., gender, tumor location, TNM stage) by χ² test. The results show that there is no statistically significant difference between the two groups (P > 0.05).

Table 2 Comparison of glycemic control between the two groups, mean ± SD

Indicators	Time	Control group (n = 80)	Experimental group (n = 80)	t/χ2	P value
Glycated hemoglobin (%)	Before treatment	8.06 ± 0.84	8.02 ± 0.83	0.310	0.757
	After treatment	7.75 ± 0.59	6.79 ± 0.79	8.671	< 0.001
Fasting blood glucose (mmol/L)	Before treatment	7.81 ± 1.93	7.85 ± 1.89	-0.130	0.896
	After treatment	7.45 ± 1.29	6.75 ± 1.56	3.106	0.002

It compares glycated hemoglobin and fasting blood glucose levels before and after treatment between the control and experimental groups using paired sample t-tests. The results show that while no significant differences existed at baseline (P > 0.05), the experimental group achieved significantly greater reductions in both glycated hemoglobin and fasting blood glucose levels after treatment compared to the control group (P < 0.05).

Table 3 Comparison of tumor marker indicators between the two groups, mean ± SD

Indicators	Time	Control group (n = 80)	Experimental group (n = 80)	t/χ2	P value
Carcinoembryonic antigen	Before treatment	15.95 ± 3.53	16.83 ± 3.49	-1.587	0.115
	After treatment	4.52 ± 1.15	3.59 ± 1.24	4.942	< 0.001
Carbohydrate antigen 19-9	Before treatment	86.48 ± 3.99	87.35 ± 3.85	-1.405	0.162
	After treatment	34.57 ± 7.23	31.51 ± 6.43	2.833	0.005

It compares the levels of tumor markers (carcinoembryonic antigen and carbohydrate antigen 19-9) before and after treatment between the control and experimental groups using independent samples t-tests. The results show that while no significant differences existed at baseline (P > 0.05), the experimental group exhibited significantly greater reductions in both carcinoembryonic antigen and carbohydrate antigen 19-9 levels after treatment compared to the control group (P < 0.05).

Table 4 Comparison of survival indicators between the two groups

Survival indicators (%)	Control group (n = 80)	Experimental group (n = 80)	Statistics	P value
Survival rate for one year	62.50	85.00	χ2= 10.460	0.001
Survival rate for two years	37.50	60.00	χ2= 8.105	0.004
Survival rate for three years	22.50	43.75	χ2= 8.154	0.004
Median disease-free survival (months)	19.00	31.60	Log-rank = 12.898	< 0.001

It compares the 1-year, 2-year, and 3-year survival rates, as well as the median disease-free survival (DFS), between the control and experimental groups using the χ² test (for survival rates) and the Log-rank test (for median DFS). The results showed that the experimental group had significantly higher survival rates at all time points and a significantly longer median DFS compared to the control group (all P < 0.05).

Table 5 Comparison of treatment-related adverse events between the two groups of patients, n (%)

Adverse reaction type	Control group (n = 80)		Experimental group (n = 80)		χ2	P value
	Any level	≥ 3 level	Any level	≥ 3 level
Gastrointestinal reaction	50 (62.50)	10 (12.50)	53 (66.25)	12 (15.00)	0.245	0.620
Myelosuppression	58 (72.50)	22 (27.50)	61 (76.25)	25 (31.25)	0.295	0.587
Neurotoxicity	49 (61.25)	6 (7.50)	52 (65.00)	8 (10.00)	0.242	0.623
Total ≥ level 3		38 (47.50)		45 (56.25)	1.227	0.268

It compares the incidence of treatment-related adverse events between the two groups using the χ² test. The results show no statistically significant differences in the incidence rates of gastrointestinal reactions, myelosuppression, neurotoxicity, or the total incidence of grade ≥ 3 adverse events between the control and experimental groups (all P > 0.05).