Development and validation of a nomogram model for predicting overall survival in patients with gastric carcinoma

doi:10.4251/wjgo.v17.i2.95423

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World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology

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1948-5204

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

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World J Gastrointest Oncol. Feb 15, 2025; 17(2): 95423
Published online Feb 15, 2025. doi: 10.4251/wjgo.v17.i2.95423

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the training and validation sets

Variable	Overall (n = 1431)	Training set (n = 1002)	Validation set (n = 429)	P value
Age¹	62.04 ± 10.87	61.96 ± 10.73	62.22 ± 11.20	0.673
Sex, n (%)				0.667
Female	356 (24.88)	253 (25.25)	103 (24.01)
Male	1075 (75.12)	749 (74.75)	326 (75.99)
BMI, n (%)				0.925
18.5-23.9	902 (63.03)	634 (63.27)	268 (62.47)
≥ 24	320 (22.36)	224 (22.36)	96 (22.38)
< 18.5	209 (14.61)	144 (14.37)	65 (15.15)
KPS¹	81.46 ± 25.45	81.68 ± 29.75	80.93 ± 9.67	0.610
Histology, n (%)				0.998
Adenocarcinoma	1396 (97.55)	978 (97.60)	418 (97.44)
Others	35 (2.45)	24 (2.40)	11 (2.56)
TNM stage, n (%)				0.267
I-II	352 (24.60)	245 (24.45)	107 (24.94)
III	479 (33.47)	324 (32.34)	155 (36.13)
IV	600 (41.93)	433 (43.21)	167 (38.93)
Radiation, n (%)				0.273
No	1332 (93.08)	938 (93.61)	394 (91.84)
Yes	99 (6.92)	64 (6.39)	35 (8.16)
Chemotherapy, n (%)				0.649
No	679 (47.45)	471 (47.01)	208 (48.48)
Yes	752 (52.55)	531 (52.99)	221 (51.52)
Surgery, n (%)				0.912
No	672 (46.96)	472 (47.11)	200 (46.62)
Yes	759 (53.04)	530 (52.89)	229 (53.38)
Immunotherapy, n (%)				0.779
No	1379 (96.37)	967 (96.51)	412 (96.04)
Yes	52 (3.63)	35 (3.49)	17 (3.96)
ALB¹	39.20 ± 5.42	39.13 ± 5.43	39.37 ± 5.40	0.451
GLB¹	28.71 ± 5.73	28.72 ± 5.76	28.70 ± 5.67	0.952
β2-microglobulin¹	2.69 ± 1.32	2.70 ± 1.30	2.66 ± 1.38	0.634
Neutrophils¹	4.19 ± 2.43	4.20 ± 2.45	4.16 ± 2.40	0.759
WBC¹	6.14 ± 2.59	6.17 ± 2.61	6.06 ± 2.56	0.465
LDH²	180.20 [154.00, 219.80]	179.00 [154.00, 219.60]	183.10 [154.60, 220.00]	0.484
NLR²	2.74 (1.87, 4.32)	2.67 (1.85, 4.42)	2.81 (1.91, 4.18)	0.760
PLR²	162.60 (119.08, 232.01)	161.30 (116.27, 232.62)	165.31 (123.78, 231.58)	0.193
LMR²	3.38 (2.38, 4.68)	3.36 (2.34, 4.74)	3.43 (2.44, 4.63)	0.712

¹Expressed as mean ± SD.

²Expressed as median (P25, P75).

BMI: Body mass index; KPS: Karnofsky performance status; TNM: Tumor-node-metastasis; ALB: Albumin; GLB: Globulin; WBC: White blood cell count; LDH: Lactate dehydrogenase; NLR: Neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio; PLR: Platelet-lymphocyte ratio; LMR: Lymphocyte-monocyte ratio.

Table 2 Analysis of survival of patients and risk factors affecting prognosis in the training set

Variable	Survival (n = 477)	Death (n = 525)	HR (univariable)	HR (multivariable)
Age¹	60.94 ± 10.74	62.89 ± 10.64	1.01 (1.00-1.02, P = 0.003)
Sex, n (%)
Female	125 (26.21)	128 (24.38)
Male	352 (73.79)	397 (75.62)	1.02 (0.84-1.24, P = 0.851)
BMI, n (%)
18.5-23.9	306 (64.15)	328 (62.48)
≥ 24	132 (27.67)	92 (17.52)	0.76 (0.60-0.95, P = 0.018)	0.97 (0.77-1.23, P = 0.812)
< 18.5	39 (8.18)	105 (20.00)	2.04 (1.63-2.54, P < 0.001)	1.30 (1.03-1.63, P = 0.026)
KPS¹	83.07 ± 7.89	80.42 ± 40.38	0.97 (0.96-0.98, P < 0.001)
Histology, n (%)
Adenocarcinoma	470 (98.53)	508 (96.76)
Others	7 (1.47)	17 (3.24)	1.13 (0.70-1.83, P = 0.622)
TNM stage, n (%)
I-II	195 (40.88)	50 (9.52)
III	171 (35.85)	153 (29.14)	2.93 (2.12-4.03, P < 0.001)	2.69 (1.94-3.72, P < 0.001)
IV	111 (23.27)	322 (61.33)	8.72 (6.44-11.80, P < 0.001)	6.19 (4.47-8.57, P < 0.001)
Radiation, n (%)
No	443 (92.87)	495 (94.29)
Yes	34 (7.13)	30 (5.71)	0.70 (0.49-1.02, P = 0.062)	0.62 (0.42-0.90, P = 0.012)
Chemotherapy, n (%)
No	204 (42.77)	267 (50.86)
Yes	273 (57.23)	258 (49.14)	0.76 (0.64-0.90, P = 0.002)	0.78 (0.65-0.94, P = 0.009)
Surgery, n (%)
No	159 (33.33)	313 (59.62)
Yes	318 (66.67)	212 (40.38)	0.37 (0.31-0.44, P < 0.001)	0.66 (0.54-0.80, P < 0.001)
Immunotherapy, n (%)
No	457 (95.81)	510 (97.14)
Yes	20 (4.19)	15 (2.86)	0.76 (0.46-1.28, P = 0.302)
ALB¹	40.41 ± 5.15	37.96 ± 5.42	0.91 (0.90-0.93, P < 0.001)	0.96 (0.94-0.98, P < 0.001)
GLB¹	28.54 ± 5.48	28.88 ± 6.01	0.99 (0.97-0.99, P = 0.036)	0.98 (0.96-0.99, P = 0.004)
β2-microglobulin¹	2.60 ± 1.18	2.79 ± 1.39	1.14 (1.08-1.20, P < 0.001)
Neutrophils¹	3.81 ± 2.05	4.56 ± 2.71	1.13 (1.10-1.16, P < 0.001)	1.05 (1.01-1.08, P = 0.005)
WBC¹	5.90 ± 2.27	6.42 ± 2.85	1.10 (1.07-1.13, P < 0.001)
LDH²	175.70 (153.90, 208.00)	181.00 (154.10, 234.80)	1.01 (1.01-1.03, P < 0.001)	1.01 (1.01-1.03, P = 0.037)
NLR²	2.30 (1.60, 3.48)	3.32 (2.19, 5.19)	1.09 (1.08-1.11, P < 0.001)
PLR²	145.74 (106.80, 200.00)	181.43 (127.52, 276.27)	1.02 (1.01-1.04, P < 0.001)	1.02 (1.01-1.04, P = 0.002)
LMR²	3.69 (2.73, 5.15)	3.05 (2.05, 4.40)	0.94 (0.91-0.97, P < 0.001)

¹Expressed as mean ± SD.

²Expressed as median (P25, P75).

Citation: Liang GZ, Li XS, Hu ZH, Xu QJ, Wu F, Wu XL, Lei HK. Development and validation of a nomogram model for predicting overall survival in patients with gastric carcinoma. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2025; 17(2): 95423
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-5204/full/v17/i2/95423.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4251/wjgo.v17.i2.95423