Evaluation and prediction of Ki-67 expression in hepatocellular carcinoma

Table 1 Significance of various biomarkers in hepatocellular carcinoma

Serial No.	Clinical phase of HCC	HCC biomarkers	Significance of biomarkers in HCC	Ref.
1	HCC occurrence, evaluation, progression, recurrence	AFP, AFPL3, Ki67 indexing	HCC early detection, progression, recurrence rates, overall survival disease-free survival, and relapse-free survival, response to adjuvant hepatic arterial chemoembolization	Schmilovitz-Weiss et al[4], Ramos-Santillan et al[5]
2	Predicting HCC occurrence, progression, evaluation	AFP, AFP-L3, DCP, GALAD, microRNAs, long non-coding RNAs	HCC early detection, risk stratification, monitoring progression of tumor, and predicting response to therapy	Schmilovitz-Weiss et al[4], Koike et al[6] Wang et al[7], Huang et al[13]
3	Predicting therapy efficacy	TGF-β, AFP levels, PD1 signaling	Predicting response to immunotherapy, monitoring treatment response, and identifying patients at risk of resistance	Huang et al[13]
4	Predicting metastasis	CTCs, circulating DNA, CK19	Identifying high-risk patients, guiding treatment decisions, predicting recurrence, monitoring treatment responses	Zhang et al[8]
5	Predicting post-surgical prognosis	Prealbumin, NLR, PLR, OV6, CD68, MVI	Predicting long-term outcomes, identifying patients at risk of recurrence, and guiding treatment decisions	Wang et al[7]
6	Diagnosis of HCC	Osteopontin	Survival, migration, invasion, and metastasis of tumor cells	Khattab et al[9]
7	Tumor prognosis, clinical stage	miR-221	Clinical TNM stage, tumor capsular infiltration and poor prognosis	Li et al[10]
8	HCC progression, recurrence, survival parameters	Ki-67 (MKi-67 gene)	Survival parameters, disease stage and progression, adverse histological criteria, and tumor microenvironment proliferative characteristics	Ramos-Santillan et al[5]
9	Diagnostic biomarker for HCC	Serum AFP, methylation of RASSF1A	Monitoring progression of tumor, drugs, targeted therapies, immunotherapies etc.	Shi et al[11], Jagtap et al[12], Huang et al[13]
10	Advance stages	Methylation, proteins, lncRNA, miRNA, metabolomics	Resistance, survival, drug, targeted therapies, immunotherapies	Shi et al[11], Tateishi et al[14]

AFP: Alpha-fetoprotein; DCP: Des-gamma carboxyprothrombin; GALAD Score: Gender, Age, AFP-L3, AFP and Des-carboxy-prothrombin, AFP-L3: Alpha-fetoprotein L3; TGF-β: Transforming growth factor-beta; PD1: Programmed death receptor 1; CTCs: Circulating tumor cells; CK19: Cytokeratin19; NLR: Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio; PLR: Platelet-lymphocyte ratio; OPN: Osteopontin; lncRNAs: Long noncoding RNAs; miRNA: Micro ribonucleic acid.