Application of texture signatures based on multiparameter-magnetic resonance imaging for predicting microvascular invasion in hepatocellular carcinoma: Retrospective study

Table 1 The Baseline characteristics of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma

	MVI negative group (n = 48)	MVI positive group (n = 57)	T/χ2	P value
Age (yr)	54.90 ± 10.896	51.35 ± 12.565	-1.529	0.129
Gender
Male	42	50	0.001	0.973
Female	6	7

T/χ²: Comparison of t-test chi-square test. MVI: Microvascular invasion.

Table 2 The 3D texture features of magnetic resonance images

Extraction method	Parameters
Grayscale histogram (9)	Mean, variance, skewness, kurtosis, and percentiles (1%, 10%, 50%, 90%, and 99%)
Grayscale co-occurrence matrix (55)	Angular second order distance, correlation, contrast, entropy, entropy sum, square sum, mean sum, mean difference, inverse distance, entropy difference, standard deviation
Grayscale gradient (5)	Average gradient, gradient variance, gradient skewness, gradient kurtosis, non-zero gradient
Long run matrices (25)	(Horizontal, vertical, 0°, 45°, 135°) Run length non-uniformity, gray value non-uniformity, long run enhancement, short run enhancement, fractional run

Table 3 The misjudgment rate (%) of magnetic resonance image-based texture analysis

MR image	Project	Fisher	POE + ACC	MI	MI + PA + F
T2WI	RDA	57/105 (or 54.29)	57/105 (or 54.29)	59/105 (or 56.19)	50/105 (or 47.62)
	PCA	52/105 (or 49.52)	57/105 (or54.29)	57/105 (or 54.29)	58/105 (or 55.24)
	LDA	46/105 (or 43.81)	46/105 (or43.81)	47/105 (or 44.76)	34/105 (or 32.38)
	NDA	26/105 (or 24.76)	27/105 (or25.71)	29/105 (or 27.62)	24/105 (or 22.86)
Arterial phase	RDA	44/105 (or 41.90)	52/105 (or49.52)	38/105 (or 36.19)	49/105 (or 46.67)
	PCA	46/105 (or 43.81)	52/105 (or49.52)	39/105 (or 37.14)	49/105 (or 46.67)
	LDA	41/105 (or 39.05)	36/105 (or34.29)	46/105 (or 43.81)	34/105 (or 32.38)
	NDA	22/105 (or 20.95)	23/105 (or21.90)	25/105 (or 23.81)	17/105(or16.19))
Portal phase	RDA	41/105 (or 39.05)	46/105 (or43.81)	48/105 (or 45.71)	38/105 (or 36.19)
	PCA	41/105 (or 39.05)	41/105 (or39.05)	48/105 (or 45.71)	38/105 (or 36.19)
	LDA	45/105 (or 42.86)	48/105 (or45.71)	42/105 (or 40.00)	32/105 (or 30.48)
	NDA	32/105 (or 30.48)	28/105 (or26.67)	33/105 (or 31.43)	22/105 (or 20.95)
Equilibrium period	RDA	43/105 (or 40.95)	56/105 (or53.33)	42/105 (or 40.00)	48/105 (or 45.71)
	PCA	42/105 (or 40.00)	55/105 (or52.38)	45/105 (or 42.86)	42/105 (or 40.00)
	LDA	49/105 (or 46.67)	42/105 (or40.00)	45/105 (or 42.86)	34/105 (or 32.38)
	NDA	28/105 (or 26.67)	23/105 (or21.90)	27/105 (or 25.71)	22/105 (or 20.95)

MR: Magnetic resonance; RDA: Redundancy Analysis; PCA: Principal Component Analysis; LDA: Linear Discriminant Analysis; NDA: Non- Linear Discriminant Analysis; T2WI: T2-weighted imaging.