Observational Study
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2024.
World J Gastrointest Oncol. Mar 15, 2024; 16(3): 894-906
Published online Mar 15, 2024. doi: 10.4251/wjgo.v16.i3.894
Table 1 Comparison of baseline characteristics between pancreatic adenocarcinoma, intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm, and the control group
Variables
PDAC, n = 54
IPMN, n = 42
Normal pancreas, n = 60
P value
Age, mean ± SD64.8 ± 10.463.2 ± 10.360.0 ± 10.60.057
Male, n (%)25 (46.3)20 (47.6)24 (40.0)0.695
Smoking, n (%)7 (13.0)5 (11.9)8 (13.6)0.970
Alcohol consumption, n (%)16 (29.6)14 (33.3)16 (26.7)0.768
Participants’ comorbidity, n (%)
HBV1 (1.9)4 (9.5)4 (6.8)0.258
HCV0 (0.0)0 (0.0)2 (3.3)0.198
NAFLD1 (1.9)3 (7.1)8 (13.3)0.071
CAD2 (3.7)2 (4.8)5 (9.3)0.441
ESRD0 (0.0)1 (2.4)0 (0.0)0.255
DM3 (5.6)4 (9.5)0 (0.0)0.066
HT2 (3.7)3 (7.1)0 (0.0)0.127
Old CVA2 (3.8)3 (7.1)0 (0.0)0.128
Laboratory results, mean ± SD
Albumin in g/dL3.7 ± 0.73.8 ± 1.14.2 ± 0.30.002
Total bilirubin in mg/dL5.7 ± 9.71.8 ± 4.60.7 ± 0.30.009
Aspartate aminotransferase in U/L73.4 ± 115.126.0 ± 18.023.0 ± 7.40.001
Alanine aminotransferase in U/L86.9 ± 156.123.4 ± 11.925.9 ± 14.8< 0.001
Alkaline phosphatase in U/L279.8± 412.695.2 ± 91.373.5 ± 22.5< 0.001
INR1.2 ± 0.21.2 ± 0.61.0 ± 0.10.009
Amylase120.8 ± 160.082.0 ± 52.274.1 ± 16.30.879
Table 2 Comparison of exhaled breath volatile organic compound levels between three groups1
Variable
PDAC, n = 54
IPMN, n = 42
Normal pancreas, n = 60
P value2
1,4-pentadiene0.34 ± 0.340.32 ± 0.280.32 ± 0.210.626
Acetone dimer5.19 ± 0.744.49 ± 0.813.95 ± 0.86< 0.001
Acetone monomer3.99 ± 0.794.21 ± 0.594.07 ± 0.690.411
Acetonitrile0.13 ± 0.050.14 ± 0.100.13 ± 0.060.544
Benzene0.20 ± 0.150.19 ± 0.110.25 ± 0.190.336
Dimethyl sulfide0.94 ± 0.400.74 ± 0.380.73 ± 0.400.008
Ethanol0.25 ± 0.060.26 ± 0.050.26 ± 0.070.726
Isopropyl alcohol0.31 ± 0.450.19 ± 0.230.20 ± 0.270.731
Toluene0.56 ± 0.420.57 ± 0.520.50 ± 0.370.655
Table 3 Comparison of exhaled breath volatile organic compound level between metastasis pancreatic adenocarcinoma and non-metastasis pancreatic adenocarcinoma1
Variable
Metastasis, n = 30
Non-metastasis, n = 24
P value2
1,4-pentadiene0.36 ± 0.240.31 ± 0.470.741
Acetone dimer5.10 ± 0.925.26 ± 0.570.403
Acetone monomer3.90 ± 0.824.08 ± 0.750.497
Acetonitrile0.14 ± 0.050.12 ± 0.050.315
Benzene0.19 ± 0.090.22 ± 0.200.932
Dimethyl sulfide0.96 ± 0.410.92 ± 0.380.016
Ethanol0.24 ± 0.050.26 ± 0.080.321
Isopropyl alcohol0.39 ± 0.560.19 ± 0.180.308
Toluene0.56 ± 0.450.57 ± 0.390.676
Table 4 Performance for pancreatic adenocarcinoma diagnosis of acetone dimer, CA19-9, and combination of acetone dimer and CA19-9
Biomarker
AUC
Cut off
Sensitivity, %
Specificity, %
Accuracy, %
NPV,
%
PPV,
%
P value1
CA19-90.79628.7576.788.485.383.388.4-
Dimethyl sulfide0.6710.7868.559.862.878.247.40.115
Dimethyl sulfide + CA19-90.8230.318076.757.084.670.60.555
Acetone dimer0.9104.9787.092.290.493.185.50.116
Acetone dimer + CA19-90.9360.2996.786.090.497.482.90.020