Targeting oxidative stress with natural products: A novel strategy for esophageal cancer therapy

Table 1 Natural compounds regulating oxidative stress in esophageal cancer therapy

Name	Source	Animal/cell model	Regulating oxidative stress mechanisms	Ref.
Triptolide	Tripterygium wilfordii	Eca-9706 esophageal cancer cells	Nrf2/ARE pathways	Liu et al[5]
Deguelin	Tephrosia toxicaria, Derris trifoliata, Piper cubeba	EC-109 esophageal cancer cells	PI3K/Akt, Keap1-Nrf2 pathway	Lu et al[7]
Doxofylline	Methyl xanthine	Chinese patients with esophageal cancer	TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10	Chen et al[80]
Naringin	Rutaceae	YM1 esophageal cancer stem cell xenograft tumor rats	SOX2 and OCT4 pluripotency genes	Tajaldini et al[11]
Astaxanthin	Red yeast, red algae, Chlorella, shrimp, and crab shells	F344 rats	NF-κB and COX2 proteins/SOD, TAOC, MDA	Cui et al[12]
Gypenosides	Pentaphyllum japonica	Eca-109 esophageal cancer cells	Inhibit the migration of SW620 and Eca109 cells	Yan et al[15]
Galangin	Alpinia officinarum Hance	Eca-109, Eca9706, TE-1 esophageal cancer cells	Wnt3a and β-catenin proteins	Ren et al[18]
Berberine	Coptidis rhizoma	Eca-109, Eca9706, TE-1 esophageal cancer cells	Wnt3a and β-catenin proteins	Ren et al[18]
Echinatin	Liquorice	KYSE 30, KYSE 70, KYSE 410, KYSE 450, and KYSE 510 ESCC cells	MAPK/JNK pathways	Kwak et al[26]
Thapsigargin	Thapsia garganica L.	EC109 and TE12 cells	TRAIL-DR5-AMPK pathway	Ma et al[29]
Ziyuglycoside II	Sanguisorba officinalis L.	OE21 esophageal cancer cells	EGFR pathway	Zhong et al[32]
α-Hederin	Hedera helix L., Fructus Akebiae	Human esophageal carcinoma cell line (Eca-109)	Mitochondrial pathway	Wang et al[35]
Lycopene	Carotenoid	F344 rats	PPAR-γ and caspase-3 proteins	Cui et al[40]
Daphnetin	Daphne Korean Nakai	YM1 esophageal cancer cells	TAC, MOD, SOD	Deng et al[45]
Vitamin E	Fruits, vegetables, nuts	EAC rats	Inhibits FR activity	Abraham et al[46]
Isoalantolactone	Inula helenium L.	ECA109 cell xenograft rats	Caspase-3, caspase-7, caspase-10	Lu et al[52]
Morphine	Papaver somniferum	KYAE-1, OE33 esophageal cancer cells	AMPK pathway	Zhang et al[57]
Quercetin	Rutin, quercetin, hypericin, etc.	Eca109/9706 esophageal cancer cells	HDAC-NF-κB pathway	Zheng et al[60]
Alpinumisoflavone	Stem bark of tung tree	Eca109, KYSE30 esophageal cancer cells	Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2	Zhang et al[63]
Black raspberries	Rosoideae	NMBA-induced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma rats	NF-κB/MAPK pathways	Shi et al[65]
Moringa oleifera leaf extract	Moringa oleifera leaves	SNO cells	Smac/DIABLO protein and cleavage of PARP-1	Tiloke et al[69]