Hepatocellular carcinoma surveillance and quantile regression for determinants of underutilisation in at-risk Australian patients

Table 1 Baseline Characteristics of 775 at-risk patients participating in hepatocellular carcinoma surveillance, 2018-2020

Characteristic		n = 775 (%)	mean ± SD	Median (IQR)
Age (years)			60.0 ± 12.2
Sex	Male	457 (59.0)
	Female	318 (41.0)
Ethnicity	Caucasian	442 (57.0)
	Asian	249 (32.1)
	African/Middle-Eastern	68 (8.8)
	Unreported	16 (2.1)
Primary language spoken	English	573 (73.9)
	Non-English	202 (26.1)
Indication for hepatocellular carcinoma surveillance	Cirrhosis	429 (55.3)
	Chronic HBV	343 (44.3)
	Chronic HCV with Advanced Fibrosis	3 (0.4)
Aetiology of Cirrhosis, n = 429	HBV hepatitis	58 (13.5)
	HCV hepatitis	136 (31.7)
	Alcoholic hepatitis	103 (24.0)
	NASH	64 (14.9)
	Non-viral, non-alcoholic, non-NASH cirrhosis1	68 (15.9)
HBV anti-viral use, n = 385	Yes	206 (53.5)
	No	179 (46.5)
Specialty care clinic	General hepatology2	453 (58.5)
	Pre-transplant	126 (16.3)
	Nurse-led surveillance	80 (10.3)
	Non-liver3	76 (9.8)
	Unspecified	40 (5.2)
MELD score, n = 429				9 (7-13)

¹Includes autoimmune hepatitis, primary biliary cirrhosis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, cryptogenic cirrhosis.

²Includes general liver and outreach clinics.

³Includes clinics such as infectious diseases, renal, general medicine where patients received specialist care.

HBV: Hepatitis B virus; HCV: Hepatitis C virus; NASH: Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis; SD: Standard deviation.

Table 2 Comparison of surveillance determinants associated with greater continuous hepatocellular carcinoma surveillance among 775 at-risk patients for hepatocellular carcinoma

Factor	Hepatocellular carcinoma surveillance adherence (PTUDS)
	< 60 yr	60 yr	P value
Age	80.6%	86.8%	< 0.001
	Non-cirrhotic	Cirrhotic
Cirrhosis status	80.1%	87.3%	< 0.001
	Non-Asian	Asian
Ethnicity	85.1%	81.2%	0.04
	English	CALD
Primary language spoken	85.7%	80.2%	0.03
	Male	Female
Sex	83.3%	85.6%	0.58
	Treatment naïve	Anti-viral therapy
Hepatitis B treatment status	79.4%	82.1%	0.07

PTUDS: Percentage of time up-to-date with hepatocellular carcinoma surveillance; CALD: Culturally and linguistically diverse background.

Table 3 Quantile regression parameter estimates and 95% confidence intervals of factors associated with hepatocellular carcinoma surveillance adherence for the 25^th, 50^th and 75^th quantiles of percentage of time up-to-date with surveillance

	QR Estimates (95%CI)
	25th	P value	50th	P value	75th	P value
Variables
Age	0.002 (0.000, 0.004)	0.03
African ethnicity			-0.089 (-0.177, -0.001)	0.048
CALD			-0.063 (-0.110, -0.016)	0.01	-0.026 (-0.052, -0.001)	0.045
Cirrhotic status					0.021 (0.004, 0.039)	0.02

CALD: Culturally and linguistically diverse background.