Genetic risks and familial associations of small bowel carcinoma

Figure 1 Schematic drawing of genetic and molecular pathways predisposing to small bowel carcinoma. Wnt: Wingless-type MMTV integration site family; KRAS: Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog; LOH: Loss of heterozygosity; CIMP: CpG island methylator phenotype; MSI: Microsatellite instability; BRAFV600E: V-raf murine sarcoma viral oncogenes homolog B; mTOR: Mammalian target of rapamycin; TGF-β: Transforming growth factor β; IL: Interleukin; CD4TL: CD4 T-lymphocytes.

Figure 2 65-year-old male with familial adenomatous polyposis, previous total proctocolectomy 35 years ago with ileostomy adenocarcinoma: Polypoid growth at the ileostomy orifice.

Figure 3 Sixty-nine-year-old male with family history of Lynch syndrome, jejunal adenocarcinoma, viewed on small bowel enteroscopy.