Predictive value of a constructed artificial neural network model for microvascular invasion in hepatocellular carcinoma: A retrospective study

Figure 1 Representative examples of hepatocellular carcinoma magnetic resonance imaging radiological signs. A: Axial portal venous phase image: A high-signal ring surrounding the tumor lesion edge in the left lobe of the liver, demonstrating good continuity, indicative of a complete pseudocapsule; B: Axial delayed phase image: A high-signal ring around the tumor lesion edge in the right lobe of the liver with interrupted continuity, suggesting an incomplete pseudocapsule; C: Axial T2-weighted imaging image: Irregular liver margin and diffuse reticular slightly low-signal change of the liver parenchyma, characteristic of cirrhosis; D: Axial arterial phase image: Thickened and tortuous enhanced blood vessels within the tumor lesion in the right lobe of the liver, representing tumor vessels; E: Axial T2-weighted imaging image: Irregular patchy high-signal region within a large tumor, suggesting areas of cystic degeneration or necrosis; F: Axial delayed phase image: Corresponding to E, showing no enhancement in the areas of suspected cystic degeneration or necrosis.

Figure 2 Flowchart of artificial neural network model construction based on magnetic resonance imaging texture features. MRI: Magnetic resonance imaging; ANN: Artificial neural network; VOI: Volume of interest; MVI: Microvascular invasion.

Figure 3 Flowchart of subject enrollment in this study. MRI: Magnetic resonance imaging; MVI: Microvascular invasion; HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma; ROI: Region of interest.

Figure 4 Receiver operating characteristic curves for predicting hepatocellular carcinoma microvascular invasion using artificial neural network models constructed on different sequence features. T2WI: T2-weighted imaging; AUC: Area under curve; AP: Arterial phases; VP: Venous phase; DP: Delayed phase.

Figure 5 Schematic diagram of the combined group artificial neural network model structure. AP: Arterial phases; VP: Venous phase; MVI: Microvascular invasion; HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma.