New avenues for the treatment of immunotherapy-resistant pancreatic cancer

Figure 1 Simplified scheme of the tumor microenvironment. PSCs: Pancreatic stellate cells; CXCL2: C-X-C chemokine ligand 2; iCAFs: Inflammatory cancer-associated fibroblasts; apCAF: Antigen-presenting cancer-associated fibroblast; ECM: Extracellular matrix; TAM: Tumor-associated macrophage; MHC II: Major histocompatibility complex class II; IL: Interleukin; TGF: Transforming growth factor.

Figure 2 Intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms of T cell-associated immunosuppression. MDSCs: Myeloid-derived suppressor cells; TME: Tumor microenvironment; TCR: Intrinsic T-cell receptor; TAM: Tumor-associated macrophage; IRs: Inhibitory receptors; TIM-3: Mucin-3/T-cell immunoglobulin; LAG-3: T-cell activation gene; TGF: Transforming growth factor; PD-1: Programmed cell death-1; IL: Interleukin; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-α; IFN-γ: Interferon-gamma.