Identification of breath volatile organic compounds to distinguish pancreatic adenocarcinoma, pancreatic cystic neoplasm, and patients without pancreatic lesions

Figure 1 Equipment for breath samples collection, volatile organic compound extraction, and volatile organic compound analysis. A: ReCIVA™ breath sample system; B: Thermal desorption-gas chromatography/field asymmetric ion mobility spectrometry machine; C: Volatile organic compound chromatogram.

Figure 2 Comparisons of dimethyl sulfide between the pancreatic adenocarcinoma, Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm, and control groups. ¹Adjusted for albumin, total bilirubin, serum glutamic oxalacetic transaminase, serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase, alkaline phosphatase and international normalized ratio. IPMN: Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm; PDAC: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.

Figure 3 Comparisons of acetone dimers level between pancreatic adenocarcinoma, Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm, and control group. ¹Adjusted for albumin, total bilirubin, serum glutamic oxalacetic transaminase, serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase, alkaline phosphatase and international normalized ratio. IPMN: Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm; PDAC: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.

Figure 4 Area under the receiver operating characteristics curves of the acetone dimer, CA19-9 and combination of the acetone dimer and CA19-9.