Colorectal cancer carcinogenesis: From bench to bedside

Figure 1 Classification system using the consensus molecular subtypes (1-4), CpG island methylator phenotype, and microsatellite instability status. CMS: Consensus molecular subtypes; CIMP: CpG island methylator phenotype; MSI: Microsatellite instability.

Figure 2 Eosin/hematoxylin staining images of colonic neoplasia (Low power objective - 10 ×). A and B: Maintained expression of MSH2 in colonic neoplasia; C and D: Loss of expression of MLH1 and PMS2.

Figure 3 Algorithm for selection of patients for genetic testing (mismatch repair genes). Family history of cancer may indicate genetic testing regardless of immunohistochemistry analysis results. IHQ: Immunohistochemistry; MMR: Mismatch repair.