Endoscopic full-thickness resection for treating small tumors originating from the muscularis propria in the gastric fundus: An improvement in technique over 15 years

Figure 1 Endoscopic ultrasound of a muscularis propria tumor in the gastric fundus.

Figure 2 Flow diagram for screening and grouping of study subjects. L-EFTR: Ligation-assisted endoscopic full-thickness resection; S-EFTR: Snare-assisted endoscopic full-thickness resection; E-EFTR: Endoscopic submucosal dissection-assisted endoscopic full-thickness resection; MP: Muscularis propria.

Figure 3 Snare-assisted endoscopic full-thickness resection. A: Muscularis propria (MP) tumor in the gastric fundus; B: MP tumor grasped by a snare; C: A gastric wall defect during snare-assisted endoscopic full-thickness resection; D: Clip application during defect closure; E: Gastric wall defect closure using clips; F: The resected MP tumor.

Figure 4 Ligation-assisted endoscopic full-thickness resection. A: Muscularis propria (MP) tumor in the gastric fundus; B: MP tumor ligation by the band; C: A gastric wall defect during ligation-assisted endoscopic full-thickness resection; D: Gastric wall defect closure using clips.

Figure 5 Endoscopic submucosal dissection-assisted endoscopic full-thickness resection. A: Muscularis propria (MP) tumor in the gastric fundus; B: MP tumor resection using an IT knife; C: Application of the over-the-scope-clip device for gastric wall defect closure.