• Humans
• Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/diagnosis
• Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/psychology
• Female
• Male
• Middle Aged
• Adult
• Physicians, Primary Care/psychology
• Attitude of Health Personnel
• Mass Screening/methods
• Primary Health Care
• Surveys and Questionnaires
• Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/diagnosis
• Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/prevention & control
• Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice
• Aged
• Practice Patterns, Physicians'
• Osteoporosis/diagnosis
• Osteoporosis/prevention & control

• Advanced
• Diagnosis
• High-risk
• Immunosuppression
• Invasive cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma
• Locally advanced cSCC
• Metastatic cSCC
• Prevention
• Prognosis
• Staging

Malignancies constitute the second cause of death in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), after cardiovascular diseases. Although it has been postulated that IBD patients are at greater risk of colorectal cancer compared to the general population, lately there has been evidence supporting that this risk is diminishing over time as a result of better surveillance, while the incidence of extraintestinal cancers (EICs) is increasing. This could be attributed either to systemic inflammation caused by IBD or to long-lasting immunosuppression due to IBD treatments. It seems that the overall risk of EICs is higher for Crohn’s disease patients and it is mainly driven by skin cancers, and liver-biliary cancers in patients with IBD and primary sclerosing cholangitis. The aims of this review were first to evaluate the prevalence, characteristics, and risk factors of EICs in patients with IBD and second to raise awareness regarding a proper surveillance program resulting in early diagnosis, better prognosis and survival, especially in the era of new IBD treatments that are on the way.

• Extraintestinal malignancies
• Crohn’s disease
• Ulcerative colitis
• Thiopurines
• Anti-tumor necrosis factor

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) have markedly changed the landscape of cancer therapy. By re-invigorating the immune system against tumors, ICI provide novel therapeutic options for a broad variety of malignancies, including many gastrointestinal (GI) cancers. However, these therapies can also induce autoimmune-like side effects in healthy tissue across the body. One of the most common of these side effects is ICI-mediated colitis and diarrhea (IMC). Here, we review the incidence and risk of IMC in ICI therapy, with a focus on what is known regarding IMC in patients with GI malignancies. We also discuss data available on the use of ICI and risk of IMC in patients with pre-existing inflammatory bowel disease, as these patients may have increased risk of IMC due to their underlying intestinal pathology.

• Immune checkpoint inhibitors
• Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4
• Programmed cell death protein-1
• Inflammatory bowel disease
• Gastrointestinal cancer

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease induced by autoimmune-like dysregulation of the immune system. Treatment options have drastically evolved in recent years, and treatment advances that target specific cytokines and other molecules involved in dysregulation have had a profound effect in controlling the disease.

We reviewed the literature to assess the risk of developing melanoma with conventional therapies and newer agents used to treat psoriasis.

A comprehensive literature search using Medline (via Ovid) and Embase was conducted.

The majority of studies reviewed reported insignificant results. Potential risk for melanoma was identified for only 3 out of 15 anti-psoriatic treatments analyzed: adalimumab (relative risk 1.8, 95% CI 1.06-3.00), etanercept (relative risk 2.35, 95% CI 1.46-3.77) and infliximab (Empirical Bayes Geometric Mean 7.90, 95% CI 7.13-8.60). The confidence intervals provided are from prior studies. There are not enough collective data on newer agents to make any conclusions on risk.

We were unable to identify any substantial risk for developing melanoma due to the use of anti-psoriatic treatments. Until additional long-term registry data become available, it would be prudent to continue screening patients with psoriasis at baseline and periodically for melanoma when these agents are used.

• biologics
• immunosuppressives
• melanoma
• psoriasis
• skin cancer

The biologic era has greatly improved the treatment of Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. Biologics can however induce a wide variety of skin eruptions, especially those targeting the TNF-α and Th17 pathway. These include infusion reactions, eczema, psoriasis, lupus, alopecia areata, vitiligo, lichenoid reactions, granulomatous disorders, vasculitis, skin cancer, and cutaneous infections. It is important to recognize these conditions as treatment-induced adverse reactions and adapt the treatment strategy accordingly. Some conditions can be treated topically while others require cessation or switch of the biological therapy. TNF-α antagonists have the highest rate adverse skin eruptions followed by ustekinumab and anti-integrin receptor blockers. In this review, we provide an overview of the most common skin eruptions which can be encountered in clinical practice when treating IBD (Inflammatory bowel disease) patients and propose a therapeutic approach for each condition.

• biological therapy
• inflammatory bowel disease
• skin manifestations
• tumor necrosis factor-alpha