Efficacy and safety of endoscopic sclerotherapy vs traditional surgery in the treatment of internal hemorrhoids: A meta-analysis

Figure 1 Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis flow diagram.

Figure 2 Risk of bias assessment of the included studies. A: Risk of bias graph: Review authors’ judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies; B: Risk of bias summary: Review authors’ judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study. Green (+): Low risk of bias; Yellow (?): Unclear risk of bias; Orange (-): High risk of bias.

Figure 3 Forest plot of clinical efficacy. A: Clinical efficacy; B: Symptom score; C: Symptom improvement rate.

Figure 4 Forest plot of complications after endoscopic sclerotherapy. A: Postoperative bleeding; B: Anal bulge; C: Anal pain; D: Anal edema; E: Urinary retention; F: Infection.

Figure 5 Forest plot of core clinical outcomes. A: Treatment costs; B: Hospital stay; C: Healing time; D: Operation time; E: Surgical blood loss.