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Nemungadi TG, Furumele T, Mwazha A, Taylor M, Naidoo S, Kjetland EF. Institutionalising urogenital schistosomiasis surveillance: Best practices to improve female genital and urinary schistosomiasis control in South Africa. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2025; 19:e0012640. [PMID: 40466031 PMCID: PMC12164197 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0012640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2025] [Accepted: 05/12/2025] [Indexed: 06/16/2025] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the absence of an active schistosomiasis control programme, the affected community is vulnerable to complications such as female genital schistosomiasis. Research has shown that female genital schistosomiasis is a challenge faced by many African women including those from South Africa. Since 2008, the South African National Department of Health has been trying to resuscitate the schistosomiasis control programme; the programme has not been fully established or implemented. However, there are some surveillance best practices that the country can institutionalise to improve control. MATERIALS AND METHODS A descriptive analysis of urogenital schistosomiasis data from the National Health Laboratory Services, Notifiable Medical Conditions Surveillance System, and District Health Information System was conducted in 2023. A document review was also carried out in 2023 to determine surveillance best practices to guide the establishment of sentinel sites for improving schistosomiasis and female genital schistosomiasis control. RESULTS The Health Laboratory Services, Notifiable Medical Conditions Surveillance System, and District Health Information System are the existing surveillance and reporting systems. According to the Notifiable Medical Conditions Surveillance System (the overall and central notification system for the notifiable medical conditions), a total of 56529 urogenital schistosomiasis cases were reported nationwide between 2017 and 2021 (ranging from annual cases of 4140-15032). Most cases (>90%) were reported from public health facilities. The country's Regulations on the surveillance and control of notifiable medical conditions stipulate that schistosomiasis is one of the priority conditions that should be notified (within 7 days of clinical or laboratory diagnosis) by all public and private health care providers, as well as public and private health laboratories. The Regulations did not specify female genital schistosomiasis as one of the notifiable medical conditions. As a result, there was no reported data on female genital schistosomiasis and true burden was not known. CONCLUSION The data collected through the National Health Laboratory Services, Notifiable Medical Conditions Surveillance System, and District Health Information System demonstrate that there are formalised schistosomiasis reporting systems, but no female genital schistosomiasis reporting. The existence and use of these surveillance systems demonstrate the country's potential to integrate the systems to enhance the prevention, surveillance, reporting, and management of schistosomiasis and introduction of surveillance for female genital schistosomiasis surveillance. Prioritisation of urogenital schistosomiasis and female genital schistosomiasis surveillance is paramount and will generate valuable information that will guide the review and implementation of the current and old policies that were developed by the National Department of Health and stakeholders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takalani Girly Nemungadi
- Discipline of Public Health Medicine, School of Nursing and Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- World Health Organisation, Emergency Preparedness and Response, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Tsakani Furumele
- Communicable Disease Control Directorate, National Department of Health, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Absalom Mwazha
- Discipline of Public Health Medicine, School of Nursing and Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, National Health Laboratory Services, Durban, South Africa
| | - Myra Taylor
- Discipline of Public Health Medicine, School of Nursing and Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Saloshni Naidoo
- Discipline of Public Health Medicine, School of Nursing and Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Eyrun F. Kjetland
- Discipline of Public Health Medicine, School of Nursing and Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Department of Global Health and Department of Infectious Diseases Ullevaal, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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Onile OS, Raji O, Omoboyede V, Fadahunsi AI, Onile TA, Momoh AO, Olukunle S, Nour H, Chtita S. Structure-Based Discovery of Phytocompounds from Azadirachta indica as Potential Inhibitors of Thioredoxin Glutathione Reductase in Schistosoma mansoni. Cell Biochem Biophys 2025; 83:1677-1688. [PMID: 39373903 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-024-01577-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/22/2024] [Indexed: 10/08/2024]
Abstract
Schistosomiasis, a parasitic disease caused by Schistosoma species such as S. haematobium, S. mansoni, and S. japonicum, poses a significant global health burden. The thioredoxin glutathione reductase (TGR) enzyme, crucial for maintaining the parasite's redox balance and preventing oxidative stress, has been identified as a promising target for anti-schistosomal drug development. This study aims to identify potential TGR inhibitors from Azadirachta indica phytochemicals using molecular modeling approaches. We screened 60 compounds derived from A. indica bark and leaves through molecular docking to assess their binding affinity, followed by the evaluation of binding-free energies for the most promising candidates. Drug-likeness and pharmacokinetic properties were assessed, and molecular dynamics simulations were conducted to explore the conformational stability of the protein-ligand complexes. Our findings revealed that several A. indica compounds exhibited significantly lower docking scores (up to -9.669 kcal/mol) compared to the standard drug praziquantel (-4.349 kcal/mol). Notably, Isorhamnetin, Isomargolonone, Nimbaflavone, Quercetin, and Nimbionol demonstrated strong interactions with TGR, although Isorhamnetin showed potential mutagenicity. Further binding free energy calculations and molecular dynamics simulations confirmed the stability of Isomargolonone, Nimbionol, and Quercetin as potential TGR inhibitors. In conclusion, these findings suggest that Isomargolonone, Nimbionol, and Quercetin warrant further experimental validation as promising candidates for anti-schistosomal therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olugbenga Samson Onile
- Biotechnology Programme, Department of Biological Sciences, Elizade University, P.M.B 002, Ilara-Mokin, Ondo State, Nigeria.
| | - Omotara Raji
- Biotechnology Programme, Department of Biological Sciences, Elizade University, P.M.B 002, Ilara-Mokin, Ondo State, Nigeria
| | - Victor Omoboyede
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences (SLS), Federal University of Technology Akure, P.M.B 704, Akure, Nigeria
| | - Adeyinka Ignatius Fadahunsi
- Biotechnology Programme, Department of Biological Sciences, Elizade University, P.M.B 002, Ilara-Mokin, Ondo State, Nigeria
| | - Tolulope Adelonpe Onile
- Microbiology Programme, Department of Biological Sciences, Elizade University, P.M.B 002, Ilara-Mokin, Ondo State, Nigeria
| | - Abdul Onoruoiza Momoh
- Microbiology Programme, Department of Biological Sciences, Elizade University, P.M.B 002, Ilara-Mokin, Ondo State, Nigeria
| | - Samuel Olukunle
- Biotechnology Programme, Department of Biological Sciences, Elizade University, P.M.B 002, Ilara-Mokin, Ondo State, Nigeria
| | - Hassan Nour
- Laboratory of Analytical and Molecular Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences Ben M'Sik, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Casablanca, 7955, Morocco
| | - Samir Chtita
- Laboratory of Analytical and Molecular Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences Ben M'Sik, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Casablanca, 7955, Morocco
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Martínez-Vallejo P, Mediavilla A, Silgado A, Zarzuela F, Goterris L, Maturana CR, Serre-Delcor N, Oliveira-Souto I, Salvador F, Joseph-Munne J, Aznar ML, Pou D, Treviño B, Molina I, Sotillo J, Sulleiro E. Evaluation of molecular and serological testing for imported urogenital schistosomiasis screening in a referral tropical medicine centre in Barcelona, Spain. Parasit Vectors 2025; 18:196. [PMID: 40448125 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-025-06832-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2025] [Accepted: 05/06/2025] [Indexed: 06/02/2025] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schistosomiasis, a major neglected tropical disease, is caused by Schistosoma spp. It is estimated that more than 200 million people are affected worldwide, mostly in Africa. The gold standard diagnosis of urogenital schistosomiasis (UGS) is the microscopic visualisation of Schistosoma haematobium eggs in concentrated urine; however, its sensitivity is low. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of molecular and serological testing for imported UGS screening in asymptomatic sub-Saharan migrants in a non-endemic setting. METHODS A retrospective cross-sectional study between November 2021 and December 2022 was conducted by collecting demographic, clinical and laboratory data from the medical records of migrants from endemic areas screened for UGS at the International Health Unit Vall d'Hebron-Drassanes, Barcelona, Spain. Urine samples were analysed by real-time PCR for S. haematobium DNA and by microscopy for egg detection. Serum samples were tested using a serological assay based on enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). UGS was confirmed by a positive result in real-time PCR and/or microscopy, while possible UGS was defined as a case with only a positive serological result. RESULTS A total of 604 patients were included in this study; 32 out of 604 (5.3%) urine samples were positive for S. haematobium by real-time PCR and/or microscopy examination (confirmed UGS cases). Schistosoma haematobium DNA was detected in 28/604 (4.6%) urine samples, while eggs were visualised in 24/604 (3.9%), with 12 discordant cases between both techniques. Real-time PCR demonstrated a sensitivity of 83.3%, a specificity of 98.6%, and a kappa value of 0.76. Serology was performed in 529/604 cases and exhibited lower specificity, 70.87% (kappa value 0.26). Other laboratory parameters such as leukocyturia, microhaematuria, eosinophilia and elevated IgE were significantly associated with UGS diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS Real-time PCR proved to be more sensitive than microscopy for diagnosing imported UGS in non-endemic settings, with minimal discordance between methods. The serological test exhibited very low specificity and high sensitivity rates, suggesting its usefulness as a screening test among high-risk populations in non-endemic settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Martínez-Vallejo
- Microbiology Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, PROSICS Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alejandro Mediavilla
- Microbiology Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, PROSICS Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aroa Silgado
- Microbiology Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, PROSICS Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francesc Zarzuela
- Infectious Diseases Department, International Health Unit Vall D'Hebron-Drassanes, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, PROSICS Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lidia Goterris
- Microbiology Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, PROSICS Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carles Rubio Maturana
- Microbiology Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, PROSICS Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nuria Serre-Delcor
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Infectious Diseases Department, International Health Unit Vall D'Hebron-Drassanes, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, PROSICS Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Inés Oliveira-Souto
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Infectious Diseases Department, International Health Unit Vall D'Hebron-Drassanes, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, PROSICS Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fernando Salvador
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Infectious Diseases Department, International Health Unit Vall D'Hebron-Drassanes, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, PROSICS Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Joseph-Munne
- Microbiology Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, PROSICS Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Luisa Aznar
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Infectious Diseases Department, International Health Unit Vall D'Hebron-Drassanes, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, PROSICS Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Diana Pou
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Infectious Diseases Department, International Health Unit Vall D'Hebron-Drassanes, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, PROSICS Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Begoña Treviño
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Infectious Diseases Department, International Health Unit Vall D'Hebron-Drassanes, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, PROSICS Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Israel Molina
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Infectious Diseases Department, International Health Unit Vall D'Hebron-Drassanes, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, PROSICS Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Sotillo
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Sulleiro
- Microbiology Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, PROSICS Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
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Qian Y, Midzi N, Li S, Mutsaka-Makuvaza MJ, Lv S, Ding W, Qin Z, Li H, Zhou J, Tang L, Li C, Yu X, Shi L, Soko W, Phiri I, Tshuma C, Dobbie M, Zhou XN. Understanding the Feasibility to Implement Schistosomiasis Elimination Project Under China-Zimbabwe Cooperation: A Pilot Study Protocol. J Epidemiol Glob Health 2025; 15:75. [PMID: 40418419 DOI: 10.1007/s44197-025-00418-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2025] [Indexed: 05/27/2025] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schistosomiasis is one of the major neglected tropical diseases in Africa, accounting for approximately 90% of the global burden. In Zimbabwe, Schistosoma haematobium and S. mansoni infections are endemic. Although mass drug administration has been carried out among school-aged children, other interventions at the national level remain incomplete. China has established a public health cooperation mechanism with African countries targeting schistosomiasis and other infectious diseases. This study aims to conduct a pilot study to provide a methodological reference for large-scale surveys in similar settings. METHOD This pilot study served as an entry point for China-Africa cooperation in schistosomiasis control. A combination of cross-sectional studies and snail surveys was used. The survey was carried out in 14 villages of Chevakadzi ward in Zimbabwe. Households were selected through simple random sampling for the study. Fecal and urine samples were tested in the laboratory to diagnose schistosomiasis. Meanwhile, a capacity and needs assessment was conducted to understand the current situation of local disease control strategies. DISCUSSION This study is expected to obtain important epidemiological information and indicators regarding the transmission of schistosomiasis at the sub-district level, providing a basis for judging the feasibility and practicality of large-scale China-Zimbabwe cooperation investments. The research results will also offer references for policy-making and the update of prevention and control strategies, contributing to schistosomiasis control in Zimbabwe. However, the study has limitations such as limited funding and difficulties in cross-border drug registration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjun Qian
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases at Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research); National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases; Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health; WHO Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Nicholas Midzi
- National Institute of Health Research, Ministry of Health and Child Care, Harare, Zimbabwe.
| | - Shizhu Li
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases at Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research); National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases; Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health; WHO Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | | | - Shan Lv
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases at Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research); National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases; Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health; WHO Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Wei Ding
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases at Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research); National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases; Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health; WHO Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200025, China
- Université Côte d'Azur, ESPACE UMR 7300, Nice, France
| | - Zhiqiang Qin
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases at Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research); National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases; Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health; WHO Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Hongmei Li
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases at Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research); National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases; Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health; WHO Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Hunan Institute of Schistosomiasis Control, Yueyang, China
| | - Ling Tang
- Hunan Institute of Schistosomiasis Control, Yueyang, China
| | - Changlian Li
- Hunan Institute of Schistosomiasis Control, Yueyang, China
| | - Xinling Yu
- Hunan Institute of Schistosomiasis Control, Yueyang, China
| | - Liang Shi
- Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, China
| | - White Soko
- National Institute of Health Research, Ministry of Health and Child Care, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Isaac Phiri
- Epidemiology and Disease Control, Ministry of Health and Child Care, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Cremance Tshuma
- Mashonaland Central Province, Ministry of Health and Child Care, Bindura, Zimbabwe
| | - Munyaradzi Dobbie
- Public Health Division, Ministry of Health and Child Care, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Xiao-Nong Zhou
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases at Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research); National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases; Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health; WHO Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200025, China.
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Asare KK, Mohammed MDW, Aboagye YO, Arndts K, Ritter M. Impact of Climate Change on Schistosomiasis Transmission and Distribution-Scoping Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2025; 22:812. [PMID: 40427925 PMCID: PMC12111006 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph22050812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2025] [Revised: 05/02/2025] [Accepted: 05/15/2025] [Indexed: 05/29/2025]
Abstract
Schistosomiasis, a neglected tropical disease caused by parasitic worms of the genus Schistosoma and transmitted through freshwater snails, affects over 200 million people worldwide. Climate change, through rising temperatures, altered rainfall patterns, and extreme weather events, is influencing the distribution and transmission dynamics of schistosomiasis. This scoping review examines the impact of climate change on schistosomiasis transmission and its implications for disease control. This review aims to synthesize current knowledge on the influence of climate variables (temperature, rainfall, water bodies) on snail populations, transmission dynamics, and the shifting geographic range of schistosomiasis. It also explores the potential effects of climate adaptation policies on disease control. The review follows the Arksey and O'Malley framework and PRISMA-ScR guidelines, including studies published from 2000 to 2024. Eligible studies were selected based on empirical data on climate change, schistosomiasis transmission, and snail dynamics. A two-stage study selection process was followed: title/abstract screening and full-text review. Data were extracted on environmental factors, snail population dynamics, transmission patterns, and climate adaptation strategies. Climate change is expected to increase schistosomiasis transmission in endemic regions like Sub-Saharan Africa, Southeast Asia, and South America, while some areas, such as parts of West Africa, may see reduced risk. Emerging hotspots were identified in regions not currently endemic. Climate adaptation policies, such as improved water management and early warning systems, were found effective in reducing transmission. Integrating climate adaptation strategies into schistosomiasis control programs is critical to mitigating the disease's spread, particularly in emerging hotspots and shifting endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwame Kumi Asare
- Biomedical and Clinical Research Centre, College of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana; (M.-D.W.M.); (Y.O.A.)
- Department of Immunology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Muhi-Deen Wonwana Mohammed
- Biomedical and Clinical Research Centre, College of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana; (M.-D.W.M.); (Y.O.A.)
| | - Yussif Owusu Aboagye
- Biomedical and Clinical Research Centre, College of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana; (M.-D.W.M.); (Y.O.A.)
| | - Kathrin Arndts
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn (UKB), 53127 Bonn, Germany;
- German-West African Centre for Global Health and Pandemic Prevention (G-WAC), Partner site Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Manuel Ritter
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn (UKB), 53127 Bonn, Germany;
- German-West African Centre for Global Health and Pandemic Prevention (G-WAC), Partner site Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
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Isa MA, Kappo AP. Machine learning-driven discovery of antimicrobial peptides targeting the GAPDH-TPI protein-protein interaction in Schistosoma mansoni for novel antischistosomal therapeutics. Comput Biol Chem 2025; 118:108501. [PMID: 40373611 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2025.108501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2025] [Revised: 04/24/2025] [Accepted: 05/06/2025] [Indexed: 05/17/2025]
Abstract
Schistosomiasis, caused by Schistosoma mansoni, remains a significant public health burden, particularly in endemic regions with limited access to effective treatment. The emergence of resistance to praziquantel necessitates the urgent discovery of novel therapeutic targets. This study explores the potential of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) as inhibitors of the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and triose phosphate isomerase (TPI) protein-protein interaction (PPI) in S. mansoni, a crucial glycolytic pathway component essential for parasite survival. A machine learning-driven approach was employed to filter 3306 AMPs from the Antimicrobial Peptide Database (APD) based on physicochemical properties and predicted binding affinities. Eighteen peptides were selected based on desirable physicochemical attributes and further subjected to molecular docking using HADDOCK 2.4. The results identified AP02590 (-103.5 ± 2.7 kcal/mol) and AP02754 (-87.8 ± 1.0 kcal/mol) as the most promising inhibitors, exhibiting strong binding affinities and stable complex formation compared to the native GAPDH-TPI complex (-77.8 ± 17.2 kcal/mol). Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations confirmed the stability of these complexes, with lower root mean square deviation (RMSD) values (AP02590: ∼2.5 Å, AP02754: ∼3.0 Å) and reduced root mean square fluctuation (RMSF) of key interacting residues. Radius of gyration (Rg) analysis further indicated compact structural stability. MMGBSA analysis validated these findings, showing favourable binding free energies for AP02590 (-50.80 ± 0.90 kcal/mol) and AP02754 (-46.31 ± 0.83 kcal/mol), reinforcing their potential as lead compounds for antischistosomal drug development. These findings provide a foundation for further experimental validation of peptide-based inhibitors targeting metabolic pathways in S. mansoni.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Alhaji Isa
- Molecular Biophysics and Structural Biology (MBSB) Group, Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park Kingsway Campus, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa.
| | - Abidemi Paul Kappo
- Molecular Biophysics and Structural Biology (MBSB) Group, Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park Kingsway Campus, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa
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7
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Paul-Odeniran KF, Iwuchukwu EA, Odeniran PO. Structural Mechanisms Driving the Selective Efficacy of Oxamniquine against Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma japonicum. Cell Biochem Biophys 2025:10.1007/s12013-025-01756-9. [PMID: 40251361 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-025-01756-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/04/2025] [Indexed: 04/20/2025]
Abstract
Oxamniquine (OXA) exhibits selective efficacy against different Schistosoma species, with the highest activity observed in Schistosoma mansoni sulfotransferase (SmSULT) and the lowest in Schistosoma japonicum sulfotransferase (SjSULT). This study utilises advanced atomistic and molecular simulations to elucidate the structural dynamics induced by OXA binding to SmSULT and SjSULT, aiming to unravel the underpinnings of this selective efficacy. Binding free energy (BFE) analyses revealed a markedly higher affinity of OXA for SmSULT (-48.04 kcal/mol) compared to wtSjSULT (-22.84 kcal/mol), with a significant restoration of binding affinity (-39.23 kcal/mol) observed in SjSULT following the mutation of Val139 to Gly139. Comprehensive conformational assessments highlighted that SmSULT-OXA achieves its superior efficacy by stabilising the protein structure, in stark contrast to the erratic conformational behaviour of wild-type SjSULT. Notably, this erratic behaviour is ameliorated upon mutation, leading to a restoration of OXA's efficacy in SjSULT. These insights elucidate the structural mechanisms underpinning OXA's selective efficacy and provide valuable perspectives on its targeted action against Schistosoma spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kehinde F Paul-Odeniran
- Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, UK.
- Department of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, Precious Cornerstone University, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria.
| | - Emmanuel A Iwuchukwu
- Protein Structure-Function and Research Unit, School of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Braamfontein, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Paul O Odeniran
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
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8
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Butrous G. Global Landscape of Infection-Induced Pulmonary Hypertension. Infect Dis Rep 2025; 17:35. [PMID: 40277962 PMCID: PMC12026942 DOI: 10.3390/idr17020035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2025] [Revised: 04/02/2025] [Accepted: 04/09/2025] [Indexed: 04/26/2025] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Infectious diseases significantly impact pulmonary vascular disorders, particularly in developing countries where parasitic infections remain prevalent. These infections constitute a substantial yet frequently overlooked contributor to pulmonary hypertension. Discussion: This review examines the prevalence of parasitic lung diseases in regions where communicable infections are endemic and highlights their pathophysiological links to pulmonary hypertension. Schistosomiasis and HIV notably increase pulmonary hypertension risk in these areas. While other infectious diseases may also cause pulmonary vascular lesions, most remain insufficiently studied. The review addresses global epidemiological trends, diagnostic challenges, and recent advancements in understanding the multifaceted origins of pulmonary hypertension. Conclusion: The association between parasitic infections and pulmonary hypertension is significant, necessitating a high index of suspicion for pulmonary hypertension in patients with a history of parasitic diseases, especially in endemic regions. More research is needed to understand infection-related pulmonary hypertension mechanisms and reduce its global impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghazwan Butrous
- Cardiopulmonary Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NZ, UK;
- Pulmonary Vascular Research Institute, 5 Tanner Street, London SE1 3LE, UK
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Temesgen MM, Legesse M, Feleke A, Erko B, Worku H, Shiferaw B, Demelash A, Berhe N. Schistosoma mansoni infection and hepatitis B surface antigen carriage rate among school children in Jille Timuga District, Amhara Region, Northeast Ethiopia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2025; 19:e0012976. [PMID: 40198587 PMCID: PMC11977968 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0012976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2025] [Indexed: 04/10/2025] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is highly prevalent and a major health problem in developing countries. Controversial findings are reported on the effect of schistosomiasis and HBV infection. This study aimed to describe the association of S. mansoni infection with Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) carriage rate in schistosome endemic setting. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted from January to March 2024 among school children aged 7-14 years old in two primary schools of Jille Timuga district of Oromo special zone, Amhara region, Ethiopia. Demographic and health related data was collected by Kobo collect tool. Blood and stool specimens were collected to test Hepatitis B infection using rapid test kit and S.mansoni infection by kato-katz method respectively. The data was analyzed by STATA version 17 statistical software. A descriptive statistic, bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify associated factors. P-value of <0.05 was used as a cut-off in reporting statistical significance. RESULTS A total of 300 children participated in the study with a mean age of 10.5 years (±2) ranging from 7 to 14 years. Eighty-nine (29.6%) children were infected with S. mansoni and the sero-prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen was 0.3%; no co-infection was observed. Children who had taken praziquantel mass treatment recently (<6 month) had higher infection rate at 34%. Likewise, highest prevalence of S. mansoni infection (39.8%) was found among 11-12 years age group. A significant association of sex with higher S.mansoni infection rate was observed where males had 2.07 increased odds of infection. CONCLUSIONS The observed prevalence of S. mansoni infection (29.6%) was high in view of the ongoing preventive chemotherapy using praziquantel. The low, 0.3%, prevalence of HBV in the setting of higher S.mansoni prevalence underscore non well defined association of HBSAg carriage with schistosomiasis. However, a larger, well-controlled further research is recommended. The infection rate of S. mansoni was higher among children who recently took praziquantel which highlight the limitations of mass drug administration (MDA) program and possibility of re-infection. These emphasize the need for integrated schistosomiasis control programs, combining mass drug administration with other supportive intervention measures such as snail control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minwuyelet Maru Temesgen
- Amhara Public Health Institute Dessie Branch, Amhara National Regional Health Bureau, Dessie, Ethiopia
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Mengistu Legesse
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Aklilu Feleke
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Berhanu Erko
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Hawa Worku
- Amhara Public Health Institute Dessie Branch, Amhara National Regional Health Bureau, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Birtukan Shiferaw
- Amhara Public Health Institute Dessie Branch, Amhara National Regional Health Bureau, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Anteneh Demelash
- Amhara Public Health Institute Dessie Branch, Amhara National Regional Health Bureau, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Nega Berhe
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Antón Berenguer V, Ruiz González S, Merino Fernández FJ, Rubio Muñoz JM, Gómez de Frutos S, Flores-Chavez MD. Photo Quiz: Hematuria in a pediatric patient. J Clin Microbiol 2025; 63:e0024124. [PMID: 40071990 PMCID: PMC11898658 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00241-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/15/2025] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Antón Berenguer
- Microbiology and Parasitology Department, Severo Ochoa University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - José Miguel Rubio Muñoz
- Reference and Research Laboratory for Parasitology, National Microbiology Centre, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre of Infectious Diseases (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Gómez de Frutos
- Microbiology and Parasitology Department, Severo Ochoa University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Delmans Flores-Chavez
- Reference and Research Laboratory for Parasitology, National Microbiology Centre, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Fundación Mundo Sano, Madrid, Spain
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Magero VO, Kisara S, Suleman MA, Wade CM. Distribution of the schistosome intermediate snail host Biomphalaria pfeifferi in East Africa's river systems and the prevalence of Schistosoma mansoni infection. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2025; 119:253-265. [PMID: 39656884 PMCID: PMC11887620 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trae115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 09/19/2024] [Accepted: 10/29/2024] [Indexed: 12/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a need for current and more detailed information on the distribution of Biomphalaria pfeifferi snails in East Africa's river systems. B. pfeifferi is arguably the most important snail intermediate host in the transmission of schistosomiasis, a disease ranked second to malaria in terms of tropical diseases of public health importance. METHODS We assessed the occurrence and geographical distribution of B. pfeifferi snails in Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania. Maximum entropy modelling was used to predict the potential distribution of B. pfeifferi snails and malacological surveys were conducted guided by MaxEnt predictions and information from previous studies. Malacological surveys were conducted at a total of 172 sites, including streams, rivers, dams, irrigation schemes and springs over a 3-y period from 2018 to 2020, with geospatial, ecological and physicochemical information recorded for each site. RESULTS B. pfeifferi snails were found at 23 of the 172 sites and inhabited a variety of habitat types. Of the 23 sites where B. pfeifferi snails were found, 15 (65.2%) were streams, 3 rivers (13.04%), 2 dams (8.7%), 2 springs (8.7%) and 1 an irrigation scheme (4.35%). B. pfeifferi abundance showed a significant positive correlation with increasing water temperature and decreasing water depth. In Kenya, B. pfeifferi snails were found around the Lake Victoria basin, the Mwea irrigation scheme and in parts of the former Eastern Province of Kenya. In Uganda, B. pfeifferi snails were found in Jinja District, Ntoroko District and Soroti District. In Tanzania, B. pfeifferi snails were found in the Iringa, Tabora and Kigoma Regions. We observed moderate to high prevalence of Schistosoma mansoni infection, with S. mansoni-infected snails found at 11 of 23 sites and with an average prevalence of 24.9% at infected sites. In Kenya, S. mansoni-infected snails were found in the Lake Victoria basin (22.5% prevalence at infected sites) and the former Eastern Province (13.5% prevalence at infected sites). In Uganda, infected snails were found in Ntoroko District (100% infected) and Soroti District (20% infected). In Tanzania, infected snails were found in the Kigoma Region, with a prevalence of 10% at the infected site. CONCLUSION This information on the distribution of B. pfeifferi snails and S. mansoni infection in East Africa's river systems can aid in developing better prevention and control strategies for human schistosomiasis. Regular surveys of the river systems for snail intermediate hosts followed by molecular detection of schistosome infection could form a basis for the development of a prompt and cost-effective surveillance system for schistosomiasis in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor O Magero
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
- Tropical and Infectious Diseases Department, Institute of Primate Research, P.O. Box 24481, Karen – 00502 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Sammy Kisara
- Tropical and Infectious Diseases Department, Institute of Primate Research, P.O. Box 24481, Karen – 00502 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Mbaruk A Suleman
- Tropical and Infectious Diseases Department, Institute of Primate Research, P.O. Box 24481, Karen – 00502 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Christopher M Wade
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
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Adeyemo SC, Olarewaju S, Olabode ED, Ajayi AR, Aderinwale AD, Awodele K, Odunlami AJ, Fasanu O. A Qualitative Study on the Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices Regarding Schistosomiasis Prevention Among Primary School Children in the Riverine Communities of Osun State, Nigeria. Cureus 2025; 17:e81209. [PMID: 40144771 PMCID: PMC11937718 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.81209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/25/2025] [Indexed: 03/28/2025] Open
Abstract
Background Despite the implementation of severe rounds of preventive chemotherapy, schistosomiasis is a disease of concern affecting millions of people, especially in underdeveloped and developing countries including Nigeria. This study aimed to use a qualitative method to have an in-depth understanding of the gaps in school children's knowledge, attitude, and practices regarding schistosomiasis. Methods This study employed a qualitative method to obtain information from schoolchildren in riverine villages in Osun State, Nigeria. The study was conducted among 138 children in Primary 4-6 across 12 schools selected using the purposive sampling technique. A total of 24 focus group discussions were conducted by public health professionals and doctors. The recorded data was transcribed and analyzed using ATLAS.ti software (ATLAS.ti Scientific Software Development GmbH, Berlin, Germany). Results A few respondents (27.5%) accurately identified the symptoms, risk factors, and preventive measures of schistosomiasis. A sizable portion (75.9%) expressed readiness to seek care early from professionals within the hospital settings, undergo medical tests to confirm the diagnosis, and adhere to prescribed drugs and other preventive measures appropriately as a primary preventive measure to ensure clearance of organism. A significant portion (78.8%) of the participants indicated the use of pit latrines as the most common method of sewage disposal. Outside the house, the most commonly mentioned is defecating in the bush, reflecting open defecation practices. Conclusions This study highlights the gaps in knowledge, attitude, and practices regarding schistosomiasis among children in the riverine communities of Osun State. To reduce the disease, we need targeted health education, better sanitation, and easier access to healthcare. These steps can help protect children and control the disease in the long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunday C Adeyemo
- Health and Biomedical Sciences, Institut Superieur de Sante, Niamey, NER
| | | | - Eniola D Olabode
- Health and Biomedical Sciences, Institut Superieur de Sante, Niamey, NER
| | - Ayodele R Ajayi
- Psychiatry, Afe Babalola University Teaching Hospital, Ado-Ekiti, NGA
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Sisay A. Prevalence and risk factors of intestinal schistosomiasis on students at Bochesa Elementary School, around the wetlands of Lake Ziway, Ethiopia. IJID REGIONS 2025; 14:100591. [PMID: 40034657 PMCID: PMC11875683 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijregi.2025.100591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2024] [Revised: 01/27/2025] [Accepted: 01/28/2025] [Indexed: 03/05/2025]
Abstract
Objectives This study aimed to assess the prevalence and risk factors of intestinal schistosomiasis in students at Bochesa Elementary School in the wetlands of Lake Ziway. Methods A cross-sectional study of 384 students was conducted in May 2016. Intestinal schistosomiasis was examined using the Kato-Katz technique. For the association between the prevalence of intestinal schistosomiasis and categorical variables, the chi-square (χ2) test was used. A binary logistic regression was applied. Results The overall prevalence of intestinal schistosomiasis was 25.52%. Males were more infected (17.45%) than women (8.07%), and the difference was significant (χ2 = 17.756; P <0.05). Lower grade (1-4) students were more infected (20.83%) than grade 5-8 students (4.69%), and the difference was significant (χ2 = 19.558; P <0.05). Age groups of 7-14-year-old students were more infected (24.74%) than >15-year-old students (0.78%), and the difference was significant (χ2 = 4.788; P <0.05). Conclusions The result implied that the wetlands of Lake Ziway are conducive to schistosomiasis. Students should receive health education on the mode of schistosomiasis transmission and its prevention methods, and a buffer zone for the wetlands should be identified. Praziquantel treatment is crucial in reducing intestinal schistosomiasis in students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayalew Sisay
- Department of Biology, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
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14
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De Elías-Escribano A, Artigas P, Salas-Coronas J, Luzon-Garcia MP, Reguera-Gomez M, Cabeza-Barrera MI, Vázquez-Villegas J, Boissier J, Mas-Coma S, Bargues MD. Schistosoma mansoni x S. haematobium hybrids frequently infecting sub-Saharan migrants in southeastern Europe: Egg DNA genotyping assessed by RD-PCR, sequencing and cloning. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2025; 19:e0012942. [PMID: 40163525 PMCID: PMC11984978 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0012942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2025] [Accepted: 02/26/2025] [Indexed: 04/02/2025] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Globalization and neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) are increasingly closely linked. In recent years, Spain and Southern Europe are experiencing a considerable increase in the influx of migrants infected by NTDs, mainly from West African countries. This study focuses on imported schistosomiasis and the entry into Europe of hetero-specific hybrids between two human species, Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobium, causing intestinal and urogenital schistosomiasis respectively. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Individualized genetic identification by molecular analysis using RD-PCR, sequencing and cloning of nuclear rDNA and mtDNA of 134 Schistosoma eggs was performed, including 41 lateral-spined and 84 terminal-spined eggs from urine, and nine lateral-spined eggs from stools. These eggs were recovered from six migrant males from Senegal, Guinea-Bissau, Côte d'Ivoire and Mali, who shared ectopic shedding of S. mansoni-like eggs in their urine. A high hybridization complexity was detected in the eggs of these patients, involving three Schistosoma species. The six patients were infected by S. mansoni x S. haematobium hybrids shedding S. mansoni-like eggs, and also S. haematobium x S. curassoni hybrids shedding S. haematobium-like eggs. SmxSh hybrids were mostly detected in S. mansoni-like eggs from urine (94.59%), whereas in feces the detection of those hybrids was less frequent (5.41%). CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE This study contributes to: (i) a better understanding of the heterospecific hybrids between S. mansoni and S. haematobium from the genetic point of view; (ii) it shows the frequency with which they are entering non-endemic countries, such as Spain and consequently in Europe; (iii) it determines the diversity of hybrid eggs and haplotypes that can occur within a single patient, e.g., up to two types of hybrids involving three Schistosoma species and up to six different haplotypes; (iv) it provides information to be considered in clinical presentations, diagnosis, responses to treatment and epidemiological impact in relation to possible transmission and establishment in non-endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra De Elías-Escribano
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricio Artigas
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Joaquín Salas-Coronas
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Tropical Medicine Unit, Hospital Universitario Poniente, El Ejido, Almería, Spain
- International Health Research Group of Almería (GISIA), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Almería, La Cañada de San Urbano, Almería, Spain
| | - María Pilar Luzon-Garcia
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Tropical Medicine Unit, Hospital Universitario Poniente, El Ejido, Almería, Spain
- International Health Research Group of Almería (GISIA), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Almería, La Cañada de San Urbano, Almería, Spain
| | - Marta Reguera-Gomez
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - José Vázquez-Villegas
- Tropical Medicine Unit, Distrito Sanitario Poniente de Almería, El Ejido, Almería, Spain
| | - Jerôme Boissier
- IHPE, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, IFREMER Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Perpignan, France
| | - Santiago Mas-Coma
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Dolores Bargues
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Gemeda HB, Debella A, Endale M, Abebe A, Mathewos M, Habtu W, Chalchisa D, Getachew B, Hassen M, Mamo H. Acute and sub-acute toxicity of ethanol extracts of Hagenia abyssinica and Rumex abyssinicus flowers in Swiss albino mice. PLoS One 2025; 20:e0319464. [PMID: 39999122 PMCID: PMC11856396 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0319464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2025] [Indexed: 02/27/2025] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hagenia abyssinica (Bruce) J.F. Gmel (Family: Rosaceae) and Rumex abyssinicus Jacq (Family: Polygonaceae) are valuable medicinal plants traditionally used in Ethiopia to treat various diseases. Recent studies have also demonstrated that solvent extracts of these plants exhibit molluscicidal activities under laboratory conditions, highlighting their potential for snail control. However, limited information is available regarding their safety profiles. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate acute, and sub-acute toxicity of 70% ethanol extracts of H. abyssinica and R. abyssinicus flowers in Swiss albino mice, following the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development guidelines 423 and 407. METHODS In the acute toxicity study, both extracts were administered orally to experimental groups at varying concentrations (mg/kg bodyweight): 5, 50, 300, and 2000. For the sub-acute toxicity study, both extracts were given to the experimental groups at doses (mg/kg) of 125, 250, and 500 daily for 28 days. Blood samples were collected from each mouse and analyzed for hematological and biochemical parameters. Additionally, the heart, liver, and kidneys were excised, stained, and examined for potential histopathological effects. RESULTS The acute toxicity study revealed no noticeable changes in behavior at the highest oral dosage of 2000 mg/kg. In the sub-acute toxicity study, no statistically significant changes were observed in hematological and biochemical parameters compared to the control group. Similarly, no abnormal histological findings were noted in the examined organs in comparison to the control group. CONCLUSION These findings indicate that flower extracts of both plants did not show significant toxicity to laboratory mammals at an oral dosage of 2000 mg/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirut Basha Gemeda
- Traditional and Modern Medicine Research and Development Directorate, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Asfaw Debella
- Traditional and Modern Medicine Research and Development Directorate, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Milkyas Endale
- Traditional and Modern Medicine Research and Development Directorate, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Abiy Abebe
- Traditional and Modern Medicine Research and Development Directorate, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Meharu Mathewos
- Traditional and Modern Medicine Research and Development Directorate, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Wossene Habtu
- Clinical Chemistry laboratory Unit, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Dinkenesh Chalchisa
- Hematology laboratory Unit, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Betelhem Getachew
- Pathology Laboratory Unit Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Menal Hassen
- Pathology Laboratory Unit Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Hassen Mamo
- Department of Microbial, Cellular and Molecular Biology, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Buonfrate D, Ferrari TCA, Adegnika AA, Russell Stothard J, Gobbi FG. Human schistosomiasis. Lancet 2025; 405:658-670. [PMID: 39986748 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(24)02814-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2024] [Revised: 10/15/2024] [Accepted: 12/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2025]
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease caused by infection with blood flukes of the genus Schistosoma. Widely distributed in the Middle East, southeast Asia, Latin America, and (mostly) sub-Saharan Africa, schistosomiasis is acquired upon skin penetration of infective larvae released by freshwater snails. Acute infection might present with self-limiting hypersensitivity reactions (known as Katayama fever). Chronic infection typically leads to two main clinical patterns: intestinal or urogenital schistosomiasis, depending on the infecting species. Impairment of other body sites (eg, the CNS or respiratory tract) can occur. The intestinal form is characterised by abdominal pain and diarrhoea, with or without blood; complications are hepatic fibrosis, portal hypertension, splenomegaly, and variceal bleeding. The urogenital form is characterised by dysuria and haematuria; complications are renal failure and squamous-cell carcinoma of the bladder. Conventional diagnosis is based on egg detection in faeces or urine, although sensitivity might be low. Praziquantel is the first-line treatment, and it is also provided in preventive chemotherapy campaigns by mass drug administration to afflicted communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dora Buonfrate
- Department of Infectious, Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Verona, Italy
| | - Teresa Cristina A Ferrari
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Ayola Akim Adegnika
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon; Institute for Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - J Russell Stothard
- Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Federico G Gobbi
- Department of Infectious, Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Verona, Italy; Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.
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Hayibor KM, Pamba DI, Banze DFT, Mfinanga AA, Hanago GA, Singh A, Froeschl G, Hoffaeller L, Scholze S. Proceedings from the CIHLMU International Health Symposium 2023: "One Health Approach to Neglected Tropical Diseases". BMC Proc 2025; 19:2. [PMID: 39979937 PMCID: PMC11843733 DOI: 10.1186/s12919-025-00317-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2025] Open
Abstract
Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) are a group of 20 conditions that affect impoverished communities and disproportionately impact women and children in tropical areas. The symposium aimed to raise awareness of NTDs and explore the One Health approach as well as actions needed to successfully combat NTDs. It featured four presentations and two panel discussions. The presentations covered topics such as the "Burden of NTDs in Low-and middle-income countries", "Challenges in the prevention and control of NTDs: Schistosomiasis", "One health action needed to address NTDs: the case of Neurocysticercosis", and "The success of one health intervention in the fight against Trachoma in Kenya". All presenters emphasized the crucial role of the One Health integrated approach in effectively and sustainably preventing NTDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Mawuta Hayibor
- CIH LMU Center for International Health, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany.
- Teaching & Training Unit, Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany.
| | - Doreen Ibrahim Pamba
- CIH LMU Center for International Health, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
- Teaching & Training Unit, Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Denise Floripes Tinga Banze
- CIH LMU Center for International Health, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
- Teaching & Training Unit, Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Alfred Arnold Mfinanga
- CIH LMU Center for International Health, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
- Teaching & Training Unit, Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Getu Ataro Hanago
- CIH LMU Center for International Health, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
- Teaching & Training Unit, Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Ankita Singh
- CIH LMU Center for International Health, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
- Teaching & Training Unit, Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Guenter Froeschl
- CIH LMU Center for International Health, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
- Teaching & Training Unit, Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Lisa Hoffaeller
- CIH LMU Center for International Health, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
- Teaching & Training Unit, Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Sarah Scholze
- CIH LMU Center for International Health, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
- Teaching & Training Unit, Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany
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Rodrigues ML, Gois ARDS, Domingues ALC, Silva RO, Lopes EP. Metabolomics assays applied to schistosomiasis studies: a scoping review. BMC Infect Dis 2025; 25:211. [PMID: 39948455 PMCID: PMC11823252 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-025-10606-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2025] [Indexed: 02/17/2025] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolomics is an analytical approach utilized to explore the metabolic profiles of biological systems. This process typically involves the application of techniques such as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and mass spectrometry (MS). In the case of schistosomiasis, metabolomics has been employed to identify potential diagnostic biomarkers, examine the host's metabolic response, and explore more effective therapeutic strategies. The objective of this scoping review is to assess the scope and characteristics of metabolomic research on schistosomiasis conducted over the past decade. METHODS To identify relevant original publications, a systematic search was conducted in the PubMed and Web of Science databases using the following search terms: ("Metabolomics" OR "Metabolomic" OR "Metabonomics" OR "Metabonomic") AND ("Schistosomiasis" OR "Schistosoma"). These terms were applied to the titles and abstracts of the publications, with a focus on the period from January 2014 to December 2024. RESULTS The initial search yielded 48 articles. However, after a thorough evaluation of the abstracts, 14 articles were selected based on the established inclusion criteria. The selection process is visually depicted in the PRISMA flowchart. The majority of the studies included in this review were conducted in China (7 articles) and Brazil (3 articles). Approximately two-thirds of the studies utilized animal models, with serum serving as biofluid in 66% of the studies. The findings of this scoping review suggest that chromatographic techniques coupled with mass spectrometry are predominantly used in metabolomic research on schistosomiasis, accounting for 75% of the studies. The identified metabolites are associated with metabolic pathways related to glycolysis, the TCA cycle, and amino acid metabolism, as well as demonstrating alterations resulting from intestinal dysbiosis observed during the infection. As exemplified by succinate and citrate, which are present in the alterations of energy pathways in Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma japonicum species. The serum levels of these metabolites are modified, reflecting the host's metabolic and immunological responses induced by the infections. CONCLUSIONS These studies successfully elucidated the metabolic pathways and key metabolites involved in schistosomiasis. The findings are significant for the future identification of diagnostic biomarkers and the development of novel antiparasitic agents targeting Schistosoma species. CLINICAL TRIAL Not Applicable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Lima Rodrigues
- Postgraduate Program in Tropical Medicine, Center of Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, PE, 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Antonia Regina Dos Santos Gois
- Postgraduate Program in Tropical Medicine, Center of Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, PE, 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Ana Lúcia Coutinho Domingues
- Postgraduate Program in Tropical Medicine, Center of Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, PE, 50670-901, Brazil
- Department of Internal Medicine, Center of Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, PE, 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Oliveira Silva
- Metabonomics and Chemometrics Laboratory, Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Av. Jornalista Aníbal Fernandes, s/n, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, 50670-740, Brazil
| | - Edmundo Pessoa Lopes
- Postgraduate Program in Tropical Medicine, Center of Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, PE, 50670-901, Brazil.
- Department of Internal Medicine, Center of Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, PE, 50670-901, Brazil.
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Peng D, Zhu Y, Liu L, Zhang J, Huang P, Bai S, Wang X, Yang K. Schistosomiasis Burden and Trend Analysis in Africa: Insights from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Trop Med Infect Dis 2025; 10:42. [PMID: 39998046 PMCID: PMC11860299 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed10020042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2024] [Revised: 01/31/2025] [Accepted: 01/31/2025] [Indexed: 02/26/2025] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis remains a major public health concern in Africa, despite global efforts to eliminate the disease by 2030. This study estimates the burden, trends, and inequalities of schistosomiasis in Africa from 1990 to 2021, and projects future prevalence to inform the WHO's elimination strategies. Data from the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD 2021) were used to calculate annual average percentage change (AAPC) and annual percentage change (APC), with spatial global autocorrelation analysis performed to examine temporal and spatial trends. Five modeling algorithms were constructed to predict disease burden in Africa from 2022 to 2041. The age-standardized prevalences rate (ASPR) of schistosomiasis in Africa decreased from 18,495.51 per 100,000 in 1990 to 9,461.76 per 100,000 in 2021. The total number of cases, disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and mortality accounted for 84.25%, 87.92% and 87.28% of the global totals, respectively. ARIMA modeling predicts that by 2030, the ASPR will reach 3.99%. Despite progress, the burden remains significant, and intensified efforts are needed, particularly in high-burden regions like West Africa, to meet the WHO's 2030 elimination targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Peng
- School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; (D.P.); (P.H.); (S.B.)
- Key Laboratory of National Health Commission on Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi 214000, China; (Y.Z.); (L.L.); (J.Z.)
| | - Yajing Zhu
- Key Laboratory of National Health Commission on Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi 214000, China; (Y.Z.); (L.L.); (J.Z.)
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214000, China
| | - Lu Liu
- Key Laboratory of National Health Commission on Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi 214000, China; (Y.Z.); (L.L.); (J.Z.)
| | - Jianfeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of National Health Commission on Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi 214000, China; (Y.Z.); (L.L.); (J.Z.)
| | - Peng Huang
- School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; (D.P.); (P.H.); (S.B.)
| | - Shaowen Bai
- School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; (D.P.); (P.H.); (S.B.)
- Key Laboratory of National Health Commission on Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi 214000, China; (Y.Z.); (L.L.); (J.Z.)
| | - Xinyao Wang
- Key Laboratory of National Health Commission on Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi 214000, China; (Y.Z.); (L.L.); (J.Z.)
| | - Kun Yang
- School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; (D.P.); (P.H.); (S.B.)
- Key Laboratory of National Health Commission on Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi 214000, China; (Y.Z.); (L.L.); (J.Z.)
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Justine NC, Mazigo HD, Fuss A, Webster BL, Konje ET, Leeyio TR, Brehm K, Mueller A. Effectiveness of a timed praziquantel treatment of school children in relation to seasonal transmission of urogenital schistosomiasis in Northwestern Tanzania. Acta Trop 2025; 262:107530. [PMID: 39864720 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2025.107530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2025] [Indexed: 01/28/2025]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Regular mass drug administration of praziquantel has a positive impact on reducing the burden of human schistosomiasis, however transmission still persists in many areas. To reach disease elimination; tailored interventions are needed to not only further reduce infections but also to tackle areas of persistent high prevalences of infection. One proposed approach is timed treatment based on the natural disease transmission cycle in relation to seasons. This study assessed the effectiveness of timed praziquantel treatment in a seasonal transmission foci of S. haematobium in northwestern Tanzania. METHODS A longitudinal study was conducted among school aged children (SAC) between November 2022 and May 2023 in the Simiyu region, Tanzania. A single urine sample was collected from each of the participant and examined for S. haematobium eggs by the urine filtration method. Infected children were divided into two cohorts and treated with one dose of praziquantel, 40mg/kg of body weight in two different seasons. The first cohort was treated during the low transmission season, following the conclusion of the dry season in November 2022. In contrast, cohort two was treated during the high-transmission season, after the rainy season ended in May 2023. Cure rates and egg reduction rates were recorded at three-weeks post-praziquantel treatment for both cohorts. RESULTS Out of 5265 screened participants, 517 and 274 S. haematobium infected SAC from the first and second cohorts respectively, participated in the study. The mean age for both cohorts was 11.2 ± 1.8 years. The prevalence of S. haematobium infection decreased by 12.0 %, from 17.7 % (95 %CI:16.4-19.1) to 5.7 % (95 %CI: 4.9-6.5) in cohort one, and by 11.4 %, from 15.5 % (95 %CI:13.9-17.1) to 4.1 % (95 %CI:3.2-5.0) in cohort two. The mean intensity of infection also decreased by 37.4 eggs/10 ml, from 41.2 to 3.8 eggs/10 ml of urine in cohort one (p < 0.001), and by 4.1 eggs/10 ml, from 10.3 to 6.2 eggs/10 ml of urine in cohort two (p < 0.001). The egg reduction rate was higher in cohort one (91 %) than in cohort two (40 %). Finally, there was a non-significant difference in cure rates between cohort one (64.2 %) and cohort two (69.7 %), (χ2(1) = 2.4107, p = 0.121). CONCLUSION Timed treatment with Praziquantel was effective in both cohorts, in terms of reduction in prevalence, heavy intensities, cure rate and egg reduction rates. However, it was less effective in the second cohort, which was treated during the high transmission season. In areas with seasonal transmission of Schistosoma haematobium, praziquantel should be administered during the low-transmission season to enhance its efficacy and increase the effectiveness of preventive chemotherapy programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nyanda C Justine
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Entomology, Weill Bugando School of Medicine, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 1464, Mwanza, Tanzania.
| | - Humphrey D Mazigo
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Entomology, Weill Bugando School of Medicine, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 1464, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Antje Fuss
- Medical Mission Institute, Department of Tropical Medicine, Klinikum Würzburg Mitte gGmbH, Hermann-Schell-Str. 7, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Bonnie L Webster
- Department of Science, The Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eveline T Konje
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Heath, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 1464, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Titus R Leeyio
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Heath, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 1464, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Klaus Brehm
- Institute of Hygiene and Microbiology, University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Strasse 2, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Mueller
- Klinikum Wuerzburg Mitte GmbH, Medical Mission Hospital, Department of Tropical Medicine, Würzburg, Germany
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21
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Tantrawatpan C, Vaisusuk K, Tanga CM, Pilap W, Bunchom N, Andrews RH, Thanchomnang T, Maleewong W, Saijuntha W. Nuclear Intron Sequence Variation of the Bulinus globosus Complex (Mollusca: Planorbidae): Implications for Molecular Systematic Analyses. BIOLOGY 2025; 14:53. [PMID: 39857284 PMCID: PMC11761897 DOI: 10.3390/biology14010053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2024] [Revised: 12/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2025] [Indexed: 01/27/2025]
Abstract
Urinary schistosomiasis is caused by the blood fluke Schistosoma haematobium, which is predominantly found in Africa. The freshwater snail Bulinus globosus is its main intermediate host. The species that make up the B. globosus group are genetically complex, and their taxonomic status remains controversial. Genetic variation, heterozygosity, and DNA recombination in B. globosus were examined using the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI) and the intron 3 region of the arginine kinase gene (AkInt3). A total of 81 B. globosus snails were collected from three different localities in Kwale County, Kenya. Genomic diversity, heterozygosity, DNA recombination, and haplotype network were calculated using AkInt3 sequences. Low polymorphism in the COI sequence divided B. globosus into six haplotypes (C1-C6). However, AkInt3 sequencing studies showed high polymorphisms, classifying 81 B. globosus snails into 44 haplotypes (H1-H44). These haplotypes were separated into three haplogroups (I-III). AkInt3 sequence heterozygosity was also found. DNA recombination haplotypes between haplogroups were commonly found in heterozygous samples. AkInt3 sequence studies showed high levels of genetic polymorphism and heterozygosity, supporting its use as a genetic marker for elucidating the population genetics of B. globosus. Furthermore, our study showed that B. globosus populations in Kenya form a "species complex".
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Affiliation(s)
- Chairat Tantrawatpan
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, and Center of Excellence in Stem Cell Research and Innovation, Thammasat University, Rangsit Campus, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand;
| | - Kotchaphon Vaisusuk
- Department of Veterinary Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Rajabhat Maha Sarakham University, Maha Sarakham 44000, Thailand;
| | - Chrysantus M. Tanga
- Plant Health Theme, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi 00100, Kenya;
| | - Warayutt Pilap
- Walai Rukhavej Botanical Research Institute, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham 44150, Thailand;
| | - Naruemon Bunchom
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Malaria, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-21-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan;
| | - Ross H. Andrews
- Department of Surgery & Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK;
| | - Tongjit Thanchomnang
- Biomedical Science Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham 44000, Thailand;
| | - Wanchai Maleewong
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, and Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand;
| | - Weerachai Saijuntha
- Biomedical Science Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham 44000, Thailand;
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Bell SD, Quinn AE, Bajo A, Mayberry TG, Cowan BC, Marrah AJ, Wakefield MR, Fang Y. Squamous Cell Bladder Cancer: A Rare Histological Variant with a Demand for Modern Cancer Therapeutics. Cancers (Basel) 2025; 17:169. [PMID: 39857950 PMCID: PMC11764348 DOI: 10.3390/cancers17020169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2024] [Revised: 01/03/2025] [Accepted: 01/04/2025] [Indexed: 01/27/2025] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer is among the most common form of cancer worldwide and is predicted to increase in incidence and mortality over the next decade. Squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder is a rare histological variant typically associated with schistosomiasis, also known as bilharzia, a parasitic infection caused by flatworms called schistosomes or blood flukes, and is generally seen in underdeveloped nations. However, squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder still represents nearly 5% of bladder cancer diagnoses in the western world. Transitional cell carcinoma is the predominant histological variant of bladder cancer found throughout the western world, and nearly all disease indicators and treatments for bladder cancer are driven by this common variant. Squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder shows characteristic features that differ from transitional cell carcinoma, such as differing levels of protein indicators and different response rates to traditional bladder cancer therapies. Common treatment methods for squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder include radical cystectomy, chemotherapies, and radiation. Reviewing the previous literature on the management of squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder, it becomes apparent that this variant needs to be treated differently than common bladder cancer variants and a proper management course needs to be set in place to maximize positive patient outcomes. Such a study will be very helpful for urologists and oncologists to manage patients with bladder squamous cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott D. Bell
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology, Des Moines University, West Des Moines, IA 50266, USA; (S.D.B.); (A.E.Q.); (A.B.)
| | - Anthony E. Quinn
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology, Des Moines University, West Des Moines, IA 50266, USA; (S.D.B.); (A.E.Q.); (A.B.)
| | - Alfred Bajo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology, Des Moines University, West Des Moines, IA 50266, USA; (S.D.B.); (A.E.Q.); (A.B.)
| | - Trenton G. Mayberry
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA; (T.G.M.); (B.C.C.); (A.J.M.); (M.R.W.)
- Ellis Fischel Cancer Center, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Braydon C. Cowan
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA; (T.G.M.); (B.C.C.); (A.J.M.); (M.R.W.)
- Ellis Fischel Cancer Center, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Austin J. Marrah
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA; (T.G.M.); (B.C.C.); (A.J.M.); (M.R.W.)
- Ellis Fischel Cancer Center, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Mark R. Wakefield
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA; (T.G.M.); (B.C.C.); (A.J.M.); (M.R.W.)
- Ellis Fischel Cancer Center, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Yujiang Fang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology, Des Moines University, West Des Moines, IA 50266, USA; (S.D.B.); (A.E.Q.); (A.B.)
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA; (T.G.M.); (B.C.C.); (A.J.M.); (M.R.W.)
- Ellis Fischel Cancer Center, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
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Alidou S, Kamassa HE, Lack F, Ataba E, Fleming FM, Sossou E, Hemou M, Yakpa K, Tchalim M, Gnossike P, Vounatsou P, Pullan R, Gass K, Dorkenoo AM. Risk factors associated with urogenital schistosomiasis: a multilevel assessment approach using an Oversampling Schistosomiasis Survey (SOS) community-based, Plateaux region, Togo 2022. BMJ PUBLIC HEALTH 2025; 3:e001304. [PMID: 40017977 PMCID: PMC11865785 DOI: 10.1136/bmjph-2024-001304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2025] [Indexed: 03/01/2025]
Abstract
Background Urogenital schistosomiasis is endemic in Togo. Since 2010, Togo has used preventive chemotherapy to control the disease and periodically assess its impact. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of urogenital schistosomiasis and identify associated risk factors among school-age children in three districts of the Plateaux Region of Togo. Methods A cross-sectional study surveyed school-age children in three Togo districts, using an oversampling strategy of door-to-door visits to collect urine samples, metadata and lifestyle data. Statistical analyses, including descriptive and multilevel regression, were used to determine prevalence and investigate individual/community risk factors associated with urogenital schistosomiasis and infection intensity. Results This study surveyed 6400 children, uncovering a 15.0% prevalence of urogenital schistosomiasis (95% CI: 14.1% to 15.8%). Notably, 48.3% (95% CI: 45.1% to 51.5%) showed heavy-intensity infections, averaging 38 eggs per 10 mL (range: 0-9688). Key risk factors included age (adjusted OR (aOR)=1.9), swimming in surface water (aOR=2.6) and residing in the Ogou district (aOR=11.2), while the Est-Mono district posed a lower risk (aOR=0.2). Factors such as gender, with boys at higher risk (aOR=1.7), age (aOR=2.9), school attendance (aOR=2.4) and swimming in surface water (aOR=4.7) were linked to infection intensity. Consumption of public tap water (aOR=2.4; 95% CI: 1.0 to 5.2) and residing in Ogou (aOR=28.6) increased intensity, whereas living in Est-Mono (aOR=0.0; 95% CI: 0.0 to 0.08) or using rainwater (aOR=0.0; 95% CI: 0.0 to 0.4) decreased it. Conclusions The prevalence and intensity of urogenital schistosomiasis were found to be correlated with household and behavioural risk factors. Integrating these factors into national control programmes and improving access to safe water and sanitation facilities will be crucial in eliminating this disease as a public health concern in Togo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smaila Alidou
- Department de Médecine Sociale et Preventive, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Ministère de la Santé et de l’Hygiène Publique, Republique Togolaise, Lome, Togo
| | - Hélène E Kamassa
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie et de Contrôle de Qualité des Denrées Alimentaires, Unité de Recherche en Immunologie et Immunomodulation (UR2IM), Ecole Supérieure des Techniques Biologiques et Alimentaires (ESTBA), Université de Lomé, Lome, Togo
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Ghana College of Basic and Applied Sciences, Accra, Ghana
| | - Fiali Lack
- Laboratory Department of the Sylvanus Olympio Teaching Hospital, BP, Lomé, Togo
| | - Essoham Ataba
- National Malaria Control Program, Ministry of Health and Public Hygiene, Lomé, Togo
| | | | - Efoe Sossou
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Biological and Basic Sciences, Université de Lomé, Lome, Togo
| | - Manani Hemou
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Biological and Basic Sciences, Université de Lomé, Lome, Togo
| | - Kossi Yakpa
- Ministère de la Santé et de l’Hygiène Publique, Republique Togolaise, Lome, Togo
| | - Mawèké Tchalim
- Ministère de la Santé et de l’Hygiène Publique, Republique Togolaise, Lome, Togo
| | - Piham Gnossike
- Ministère de la Santé et de l’Hygiène Publique, Republique Togolaise, Lome, Togo
| | | | - Rachel Pullan
- Department of Diseases Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | - Ameyo M Dorkenoo
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Biological and Basic Sciences, Université de Lomé, Lome, Togo
- Ministère de la Santé de l’Hygiène Publique, Republique Togolaise, Lome, Togo
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El-Kalamawy HA, Awwad MH, Diab TM, Okasha H, Abdel-Kareim AM, Marawan MA, Shoulah SA, El-Dabaa E. Construction of Camelus dromedaries Immune Single Domain Antibodies Library for Development of Schistosoma mansoni Specific Nanobodies Using Phage Display Strategy. Recent Pat Biotechnol 2025; 19:69-83. [PMID: 39840412 DOI: 10.2174/0118722083275669231227063413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2025]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schistosoma mansoni poses a considerable global public health challenge. In Egypt, approximately 60% of the inhabitants in the Northern and Eastern areas of the Nile Delta are affected by this parasite, whereas the Southern region experiences a significantly lower infection rate of 6%. AIM Construction of an immune phage display Nbs library based on the VHH framework for selecting S. mansoni-specific Nbs for seeking cost-effective, sensitive, and specific diagnostic tools for rapidly detecting Schistosoma mansoni. METHODS Camel was immunized using soluble adult worm antigens (SAWP) for the production of Variable domains of heavy chains of camelid heavy-chain only antibodies (VHHs), which are known as nanobodies (Nb). The PBMCs repertoires VHH sequences library have been constructed with a high percentage of insertion and right orientation using pADL-23c phagmid and M13 phage followed by three rounds of bio-panning against SAWP using phage display technique. Evaluations using polyclonal phage ELISA and other techniques have been carried out to reveal the successful enrichment of anti-SAWP Nbs (VHH) clones. Evaluation of the diagnostic potentiality of these Nbs was carried out using ELISA on human serum samples confirmed for S. mansoni infection. Receiver Operator of Characteristics (ROC) curve analysis was used for discrimination between S. mansoni infection and both negative controls and the Fasciola hepatica group. RESULTS Using monoclonal ELISA, Nbs of 22 clones out of 24 selected clones showed binding affinity to SAWP. The cutoff values of the produced anti-S. mansoni Nbs was > 0.19, leading to 80% sensitivity, 95% specificity, and 90% accuracy. Sequence analysis of three of these Nbs with high binding affinities showed diversity in their targets, considering their CDR3 aa sequences. CONCLUSION This study successfully generated a diverse phage library enriched with anti-S. mansoni VHHs. The nanobodies produced exhibit high diagnostic potential for detecting S. mansoni infection in human patients, offering a promising avenue for the development of efficient diagnostic tools. The innovative approach described herein may have potential applications for patent considerations in the field of the field of diagnostic technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadeer Adel El-Kalamawy
- Center of Excellence in Recombinant Biopharmaceutical Proteins, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohammed H Awwad
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
| | - Tarek M Diab
- Department of Parasitology, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
| | - Hend Okasha
- Center of Excellence in Recombinant Biopharmaceutical Proteins, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
| | | | - Marawan A Marawan
- Department of Animal Medicine (Infectious Diseases), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
| | - Salma A Shoulah
- Department of Animal Medicine (Infectious Diseases), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
| | - Ehab El-Dabaa
- Center of Excellence in Recombinant Biopharmaceutical Proteins, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
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Li HM, Midzi N, Mutsaka-Makuvaza MJ, Qin ZQ, Lv S, Xia S, Qian YJ, Berquist R, Zhou XN. African Schistosomiasis: A Framework of Indicators Assessing the Transmission Risk and Intervention Effectiveness. Trop Med Infect Dis 2024; 9:275. [PMID: 39591281 PMCID: PMC11598198 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed9110275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2024] [Revised: 11/06/2024] [Accepted: 11/07/2024] [Indexed: 11/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis, a parasitic disease with a complex transmission mechanism, requiring a snail intermediate host, is influenced by biology, the environment, human behavior and the prevailing socioeconomic situation. This study aimed to systematically investigate the importance and feasibility of indicators related to the factors influencing transmission and intervention measures for Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobium. Based on a literature review and group discussions according to the Delphi method, a framework questionnaire was designed. A total of 33 experts on schistosomiasis were invited, and 27 were accepted, to rate the importance and feasibility of indicators for transmission with and the control of schistosomiasis, with a focus on intervention measures for S. mansoni and S. haematobium infections in Zimbabwe. After two rounds of Delphi consultations with these experts, calculated to have a high average authority coefficient (0.88), a consensus was reached on a framework that included 2 primary, 6 secondary and 39 tertiary indicators. The Delphi-entropy method was applied to assess the weight of each indicator. The key influencing factors included hazardous water exposure, accessibility to safe drinking water, sanitary facilities and the contamination of water bodies by outdoor defecation/urinary habits. The intervention measures involved improved diagnostics, health education, preventive chemotherapy, the presence of national control plans and the implementation of the strategy on water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH). While these factors are already well known, their detailed order of importance could help to improve the allocation of specific control efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Mei Li
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), Shanghai 200025, China; (H.-M.L.); (Z.-Q.Q.); (S.L.); (S.X.); (Y.-J.Q.)
- NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Shanghai 200025, China
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai 200025, China
- National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Nicholas Midzi
- National Institute of Health Research, Ministry of Health and Child Care, Harare P.O. Box CY 573, Zimbabwe; (N.M.); (M.J.M.-M.)
| | - Masceline Jenipher Mutsaka-Makuvaza
- National Institute of Health Research, Ministry of Health and Child Care, Harare P.O. Box CY 573, Zimbabwe; (N.M.); (M.J.M.-M.)
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Huye, Butare P.O. Box 117, Rwanda
| | - Zhi-Qiang Qin
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), Shanghai 200025, China; (H.-M.L.); (Z.-Q.Q.); (S.L.); (S.X.); (Y.-J.Q.)
- NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Shanghai 200025, China
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai 200025, China
- National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Shan Lv
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), Shanghai 200025, China; (H.-M.L.); (Z.-Q.Q.); (S.L.); (S.X.); (Y.-J.Q.)
- NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Shanghai 200025, China
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai 200025, China
- National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Shang Xia
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), Shanghai 200025, China; (H.-M.L.); (Z.-Q.Q.); (S.L.); (S.X.); (Y.-J.Q.)
- NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Shanghai 200025, China
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai 200025, China
- National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Ying-Jun Qian
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), Shanghai 200025, China; (H.-M.L.); (Z.-Q.Q.); (S.L.); (S.X.); (Y.-J.Q.)
- NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Shanghai 200025, China
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai 200025, China
- National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai 200025, China
| | | | - Xiao-Nong Zhou
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), Shanghai 200025, China; (H.-M.L.); (Z.-Q.Q.); (S.L.); (S.X.); (Y.-J.Q.)
- NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Shanghai 200025, China
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai 200025, China
- National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai 200025, China
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Tan LT, Salleh NF. Marine Cyanobacteria: A Rich Source of Structurally Unique Anti-Infectives for Drug Development. Molecules 2024; 29:5307. [PMID: 39598696 PMCID: PMC11596561 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29225307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2024] [Revised: 10/29/2024] [Accepted: 11/08/2024] [Indexed: 11/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Marine cyanobacteria represent a promising yet underexplored source of novel natural products with potent biological activities. Historically, the focus has been on isolating cytotoxic compounds from marine cyanobacteria, but a substantial number of these photosynthetic microorganisms also produce diverse specialized molecules with significant anti-infective properties. Given the global pressing need for new anti-infective lead compounds, this review provides a concise yet comprehensive overview of the current knowledge on anti-infective secondary metabolites derived from marine cyanobacteria. A majority of these molecules were isolated from free-living filamentous cyanobacteria, while several examples were derived from marine cyanobacterial symbionts. In addition, SAR studies and potent synthetic analogs based on selected molecules will be featured. With more than 200 molecules, this review presents their antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antiprotozoal, and molluscicidal activities, with the chemical and biological information covered in the literature up to September 2024.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lik Tong Tan
- Natural Sciences and Science Education, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Nanyang Walk, Singapore 637616, Singapore;
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Alibrahim AOE, Elkholy WA, El‐Derbawy MM, Zahran NF, Alexiou A, Papadakis M, Batiha GE. Schistosomiasis Chemotherapy, Chemoprevention, and Vaccines: History, Progress, and Priorities. Immun Inflamm Dis 2024; 12:e70054. [PMID: 39560407 PMCID: PMC11574878 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.70054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 10/02/2024] [Accepted: 10/18/2024] [Indexed: 11/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schistosomiasis is a major human disease of public health importance. Freshwater snails serving as intermediary hosts and human interaction with surface water tainted by feces or urine are both necessary components of the transmission cycle. Schistosoma haematobium, Schistosoma mansoni, and Schistosoma japonicum are the primary pathogen species. Over 250 million individuals are infected globally, according to the World Health Organization, causing significant morbidity and an estimated loss of 1.9 million disability-adjusted life years, a number that is probably underestimated. Immunological protection is slowly built up through complex immunological systems, although innate factors also play a role. Chronic schistosomiasis affects mainly individuals residing in poor rural area. Vaccination is considered as one of the most sustainable options for the control of any pathogen, but schistosomiasis vaccine for humans or animals is not available till now despite the discovery of numerous potentially promising schistosome vaccine antigens. OBJECTIVE To provide an overview of the schistosomiasis chemotherapy, chemoprevention, and vaccines history and progress. DESIGN Review article. DATA SOURCES PubMed, ISI Web of Science, Science Direct, and the World Health Organization database. CONCLUSION Favorably praziquantel (PZQ) is a medication with excellent chemopreventive treatment compliance. Due to the extensive usage of PZQ, there is a great deal of debate surrounding the emergence of drug resistance. PZQ is effective against all species of schistosomes, schistosomiasis prevalence has remained largely unaffected, due to reinfection in high transmission areas and growing juvenile worms that were not affected by the drug, even though the need for a schistosomiasis vaccine is even more pressing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Walaa A. Elkholy
- Department of ParasitologyFaculty of Medicine for Girls, Al‐Azhar UniversityCairoEgypt
| | - Mona M. El‐Derbawy
- Department of ParasitologyFaculty of Medicine for Girls, Al‐Azhar UniversityNew Damietta CityEgypt
| | - Noha F. Zahran
- Department of ParasitologyFaculty of Medicine for Girls, Al‐Azhar UniversityNew Damietta CityEgypt
| | - Athanasios Alexiou
- University Centre for Research & DevelopmentChandigarh UniversityMohaliPunjabIndia
- Department of Research & DevelopmentFunogenAthensGreece
| | - Marios Papadakis
- Department of Surgery IIUniversity Hospital Witten‐Herdecke, University of Witten‐HerdeckeWuppertalGermany
| | - Gaber El‐Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and TherapeuticsFaculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour UniversityDamanhourAlBeheiraEgypt
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Chatterji T, Khanna N, Alghamdi S, Bhagat T, Gupta N, Alkurbi MO, Sen M, Alghamdi SM, Bamagous GA, Sahoo DK, Patel A, Kumar P, Yadav VK. A Recent Advance in the Diagnosis, Treatment, and Vaccine Development for Human Schistosomiasis. Trop Med Infect Dis 2024; 9:243. [PMID: 39453270 PMCID: PMC11511416 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed9100243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2024] [Revised: 10/13/2024] [Accepted: 10/14/2024] [Indexed: 10/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis, which affects a large number of people worldwide, is among the most overlooked parasitic diseases. The disease is mainly prevalent in sub-Saharan Africa, southeast Asian countries, and South America due to the lack of adequate sanitation. The disease is mainly associated with poor hygiene, sanitation, and contaminated water, so it is also known as a disease of poverty. Three Schistosoma species (S. mansoni, S. japonicum, and S. haematobium) cause significant human infections. Co-infections with Schistosoma and other parasites are widely common. All these parasites may cause intestinal or urogenital schistosomiasis, where the disease may be categorized into the acute, sensitized, and chronic phases. The disease is more prevalent among school children, which may cause anemia and reduce development. Chronic infections frequently cause significant liver, intestinal, and bladder damage. Women exposed to contaminated water while performing normal duties like washing clothes might acquire urogenital schistosomiasis (UGS), which can cause tissue damage and raise the risk of blood-borne disease transmission, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission. Praziquantel (PZQ) is the World Health Organization (WHO)-prescribed treatment for individuals who are known to be infected, but it does not prevent further re-infections with larval worms. Vaccine development and new molecular-based diagnosis techniques have promised to be a reliable approach to the diagnosis and prevention of schistosomiasis. The current review emphasizes the recent advancement in the diagnosis of schistosomiasis by molecular techniques and the treatment of schistosomiasis by combined and alternative regimes of drugs. Moreover, this review has also focused on the recent outbreak of schistosomiasis, the development of vaccines, and their clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanushri Chatterji
- Department of Biosciences, Institute of Management Studies Ghaziabad (University Courses Campus), Adhyatmik Nagar, NH-09, Ghaziabad 201015, Uttar Pradesh, India;
| | - Namrata Khanna
- Department of Biochemistry, M A Rangoonwala College of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, 2390-B, K.B. Hidayatullah Road, Azam Campus, Camp, Pune 411001, Maharashtra, India;
| | - Saad Alghamdi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.); (M.O.A.)
| | - Tanya Bhagat
- Department of Biosciences, Institute of Management Studies Ghaziabad (University Courses Campus), Adhyatmik Nagar, NH-09, Ghaziabad 201015, Uttar Pradesh, India;
| | - Nishant Gupta
- Engineering Department, River Engineering Pvt Ltd., Toy City, Ecotech–III, Greater Noida 201306, Uttar Pradesh, India;
| | - Mohammad Othman Alkurbi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.); (M.O.A.)
| | - Manodeep Sen
- Department of Microbiology, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Institute of Medical Sciences, Vibhuti Khand, Gomti Nagar, Lucknow 226010, Uttar Pradesh, India;
| | - Saeed Mardy Alghamdi
- Respiratory Care Program, Clinical Technology Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ghazi A. Bamagous
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Dipak Kumar Sahoo
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA;
| | - Ashish Patel
- Department of Life Sciences, Hemchandracharya North Gujarat University, Patan 384265, Gujarat, India;
| | - Pankaj Kumar
- Department of Environmental Science, Parul Institute of Applied Sciences, Parul University, Vadodara 391760, Gujarat, India;
| | - Virendra Kumar Yadav
- Marwadi University Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, Marwadi University, Rajkot 360003, Gujarat, India
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Tian L, Shi Y, Yang Y, Wang Y. Rapid on-site detection of echinococcosis and schistosomiasis based on RPA. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2024; 119:e230244. [PMID: 39417429 PMCID: PMC11469317 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760230244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2024] [Indexed: 10/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Echinococcosis and schistosomiasis, caused by parasitic worms, pose significant threats to millions of people in the world. Rapid and effective pathogen detection and epidemic control by public health authorities are urgently needed. OBJECTIVES In this study, we aimed to develop rapid on-site detection method to detect echinococcosis and schistosomiasis. METHODS Recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) was utilised to examine its efficacy of detection of echinococcosis and schistosomiasis. FINDINGS The detection probes for RPA were created through comparing parasitic genomes from international genomic data and the sequences generated by our group. We established an optimised RPA on-site testing platform, which significantly reduces the detection time (less than 30 min) and simplifies the operation (free of expensive equipment) as compared to traditional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. MAIN CONCLUSIONS This RPA detection platform in our study for identifying echinococcosis or schistosomiasis pathogens would be greatly applicable for epidemic investigation, border screening, and early clinical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lvbo Tian
- Sichuan International Travel Health Care Center, Port Epidemic Disease Monitor Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ying Shi
- Sichuan International Travel Health Care Center, Port Epidemic Disease Monitor Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yu Yang
- Sichuan International Travel Health Care Center, Port Epidemic Disease Monitor Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuchen Wang
- Shanghai Customs College, Department of Inspection and Quarantine, Shanghai, China
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Ayele Y, Wegayehu T, Woldeyes D, Massebo F. High prevalence of intestinal schistosomiasis in school-age children in the villages adjacent to Lake Chamo in the southern Rift Valley of Ethiopia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0012613. [PMID: 39471184 PMCID: PMC11548786 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0012613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2024] [Revised: 11/08/2024] [Accepted: 10/08/2024] [Indexed: 11/01/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of intestinal schistosomiasis remains a challenge despite government efforts to eliminate the disease. This study aims to assess the prevalence of intestinal schistosomiasis in school-age children living in the villages surrounding Lake Chamo in southern Rift Valley of Ethiopia. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS A cross-sectional study was conducted from January to July 2023 in Shele Mela Kebele in Gamo Zone, South Ethiopia. Stool samples were collected from 597 school-age children. A singe Kato-Katz for helminths and formalin-ether concentration technique for protozoan parasites were used to process the samples. The intensity of Schistosoma mansoni infection among school-age children was determined by counting the number of eggs per gram of stool. Of the 597 children screened, 52.3% (95% CI: 48.4.4-56.4) were positive for Schistosoma mansoni. These findings showed that 55% of the infections were light, 30.3% were moderate, and 14.7% were heavy. The mean egg count of S. mansoni parasites was 182.1 eggs per gram. The prevalence of other intestinal parasites (Hymenolopis nana, Ascaris lumbricoides, Hookworm, Taenia species, Giardia lamblia and Entamoeba histolytica) was found to be 7.7% (46/597). The overall prevalence of S. mansoni co-infection with other intestinal parasites was 5.0% (30/597). Specifically, the co-infection rates were 1.5% for A. lumbricoides, 1.3% for H. nana, 1.0% for Taenia species, 0.2% for Hookworm, 0.2% for E. histolytica, and 0.2% for G. lamblia. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCES The study showed a high rate of S. mansoni infection among school-age children. This calls for immediate action, such as school-based deworming, to protect these children from the disease and reduce the burden. Further research is needed to understand the transmission of the infection by the intermediate host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yenenesh Ayele
- Department of Biology, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Teklu Wegayehu
- Department of Biology, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Daniel Woldeyes
- Department of Biology, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Fekadu Massebo
- Department of Biology, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
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Gaye PM, Doucouré S, Sow D, Sokhna C, Ranque S. Freshwater snail-borne parasitic diseases in Africa. Trop Med Health 2024; 52:61. [PMID: 39304958 DOI: 10.1186/s41182-024-00632-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Freshwater snails are the first obligatory intermediate hosts in the trematode life cycle. Several parasitic diseases transmitted by these snails are endemic in Africa, and their distribution closely follows that of the intermediate hosts. These diseases represent a major public health problem and cause significant socio-economic losses in Africa, particularly schistosomiasis and fascioliasis. In this review, we will describe the main roles of freshwater snails in the life cycle of trematode parasites, and the geographical distribution of these diseases in Africa. We will also discuss the different techniques for detecting parasitic infections in snails, as well as the various methods of controlling snails and the larval stages of parasites. METHODS We carried out a literature search for articles dealing with parasitic diseases transmitted by freshwater snail hosts in Africa. The search was conducted in databases such as PubMed, Web of Science and Google Scholar using various search terms combined by Boolean operators. Our search was limited to peer-reviewed articles less than 10 years old. Articles published to date in the fields of control of parasitic diseases transmitted by freshwater snails were included. Results were presented in narrative and in table format. RESULTS The results of the database search identified 1007 records. We included 84 studies in this review. These studies generally focused on freshwater snails and the diseases they transmit. We described the geographical distribution of 43 freshwater species belonging to nine snail families, as well as the parasites that infect them. Several methods for diagnosing parasites in their snail hosts have been described, including microscopic and molecular methods, as well as antibody and protein barcode-based techniques. Molluscicides have been described as the main strategy for snail control. CONCLUSION This study highlights several elements of knowledge about diseases transmitted by freshwater snails and their distribution. A good understanding of snail infection detection techniques and existing control methods is an essential component in adapting control strategies for these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Papa Mouhamadou Gaye
- Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, 13005, Marseille, France
- VITROME, Campus International IRD-UCAD de L'IRD, 1386, Dakar, Senegal
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU) Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 Bd Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
- Département Biologie Animale, Faculté Des Sciences Et Technique, UCAD, 5005, Dakar, Senegal
| | | | - Doudou Sow
- Department of Parasitology-Mycology, UFR Sciences de La Santé, Université Gaston Berger, 234, Saint Louis, Senegal
| | - Cheikh Sokhna
- VITROME, Campus International IRD-UCAD de L'IRD, 1386, Dakar, Senegal
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU) Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 Bd Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Stéphane Ranque
- VITROME, Campus International IRD-UCAD de L'IRD, 1386, Dakar, Senegal.
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU) Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 Bd Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France.
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Baya B, Diarra B, Dabitao DK, Somboro A, Traore FG, Goita D, Coulibaly G, Sanogo M, Wague M, Kone B, Kone D, Ouattara K, Soumare D, Kanoute T, Toloba Y, Maiga AI, Maiga M, Diallo S, Murphy RL, Doumbia S. High Schistosoma mansoni Co-Infection in Tuberculosis Patients with or without Human Immunodeficiency Virus: A Prospective Cohort Study. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-4796634. [PMID: 39281870 PMCID: PMC11398560 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4796634/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/18/2024]
Abstract
Background People with Latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) remain the reservoir of tuberculosis. One-third to 1/4 of the world's population is infected. Its reactivation is due to factors that disrupt the host's immune response. Recent findings showed that Schistosoma mansoni coinfection leads to a Th2/Th1 profile which results in an immune modulation that favors the escape of the Mycobacteria. Schistosoma mansoni may contribute to TB incidence in endemic regions. We aimed to investigate the co-infection rate and patient outcomes. Methods A prospective cohort study was conducted between 2020-2022 at University Clinical Research Center (UCRC), including culture-confirmed active pulmonary TB patients and tested for Schistosoma mansoni in stools using Kato-Katz Technique. After descriptive analysis a logistic regression was performed to determine risk factors associated with TB and Schistosoma mansoni co-infection. Results Data of 174 tuberculosis-confirmed patients, Kato-Katz tested were analyzed. Males represented 62.6%, mean age was 34.9 ± 13.8 years, 29.9% were smokers, alcohol consumption 13.8%, TB contact history 26.4%, HIV coinfection 11.5%, diabetes 6.3%, undernourished 55.7%. Schistosoma mansoni prevalence was 28.7%. The co-infection was associated with less lung cavitation [aOR = 0.24 [95% CI (0.06-0.85), p = 0.028], unfavorable treatment result [aOR = 2.95 (1.23-7.08), p = 0.015] and death [aOR = 3.43 (1.12-10.58), p = 0.032]. Conclusions Despite Kato-Katz's low sensitivity, Schistosoma mansoni coinfection was found in one-third of the TB patients; 2.5-fold higher than that of HIV. The coinfection was associated with poor treatment results and death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bocar Baya
- University Clinical Research Center (UCRC)
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Asare KK, Afful P, Abotsi GK, Adu-Gyamfi CO, Benyem G, Katawa G, Arndts K, Ritter M. Schistosomiasis endemicity and its role in sexually transmitted infections - a systematic review and meta-analysis. FRONTIERS IN PARASITOLOGY 2024; 3:1451149. [PMID: 39817159 PMCID: PMC11731636 DOI: 10.3389/fpara.2024.1451149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 01/18/2025]
Abstract
Introduction Schistosomiasis, a tropical parasitic disease, affects 779 million people globally, with 85% of cases in Africa. The interplay between schistosomiasis and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) can exacerbate health burdens, but most attention has focused on interactions with HIV, neglecting coinfections with other STIs. This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to understand the role Schistosoma infections play in STIs within schistosomiasis-endemic populations. Methods The study is a systematic review and meta-analysis investigating the link between Schistosoma infections and STIs in endemic regions. It uses PRISMA guidelines, electronic databases, and Google Scholar to assess prevalence, associations, and heterogeneity, reducing bias using a Meta-Mar statistical tool. Results A quantitative synthesis of 33 articles from 1975-2024 involved 22,587 participants from 13 countries, including regions in Africa, France, and China, examining coinfections of schistosomiasis and STIs, including HIV. The pooled estimates showed a significant risk association between schistosomiasis and STIs [RR (95% CI) = 1.18, (1.13-1.24); z/t = 7.55, p<0.0001] using a fixed effect model. Cochran's Q test (Tau2 = 0.5061, Chi2 = 476.65, df = 32, p<0.01) indicated significant heterogeneity. The Higgins I2 statistic of 93.0% (91.5%-94.7%), H = 3.86 (3.43-4.33), highlighted substantial variance between studies. Subgroup analysis showed West Africa [Weight IV = 1.7%, RR (95% CI) = 1.78 (1.28-2.47), I2 = 59%], East Africa [Weight IV = 10.5%, RR (95% CI) = 0.99 (0.86-1.13), I2 = 54%], and Southern Africa [Weight IV = 82.0%, RR (95% CI) = 1.16 (1.10-1.21), I2 = 97%] contributed significantly to the high heterogeneity in the pooled analysis. Females had a notably higher risk of STIs in the context of schistosomiasis (k = 17, RR: 1.30, 95% CI: 1.23-1.37, Q = 316.78, I2 = 94.9%), compared to males (k = 6, RR: 0.94, 95% CI: 0.77-1.15, Q = 53.44, I2 = 90.6%) and the combined group of females and males (k = 9, RR: 0.95, 95% CI: 0.88-1.02, Q = 16.38, I2 = 50.2%). Conclusion The study found a high risk of coinfections between schistosomiasis and STIs, particularly in West and Southern Africa, confirming female genital schistosomiasis as a major risk for STIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwame Kumi Asare
- Biomedical and Clinical Research Centre, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
- Department of Immunology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Philip Afful
- Biomedical and Clinical Research Centre, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Godwin Kwami Abotsi
- Biomedical and Clinical Research Centre, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Czarina Owusua Adu-Gyamfi
- Biomedical and Clinical Research Centre, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - George Benyem
- Biomedical and Clinical Research Centre, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Gnatoulma Katawa
- Unité de Recherche en Immunologie et Immunomodulation (UR2IM)/Laboratoire de Microbiologie et de Contrôle de Qualité des Denrées Alimentaires (LAMICODA), Ecole Supérieure des Techniques Biologiques et Alimentaires, Université de Lomé, Lomé, Togo
| | - Kathrin Arndts
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn (UKB), Bonn, Germany
- German-West African Centre for Global Health and Pandemic Prevention (G-WAC), partner site Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Manuel Ritter
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn (UKB), Bonn, Germany
- German-West African Centre for Global Health and Pandemic Prevention (G-WAC), partner site Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Rogers M, Kamath S, McManus D, Jones M, Gordon C, Navarro S. Schistosoma excretory/secretory products: an untapped library of tolerogenic immunotherapeutics against food allergy. Clin Transl Immunology 2024; 13:e70001. [PMID: 39221178 PMCID: PMC11359118 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.70001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Food allergy (FA) is considered the 'second wave' of the allergy epidemic in developed countries after asthma and allergic rhinitis with a steadily growing burden of 40%. The absence of early childhood pathogen stimulation embodied by the hygiene hypothesis is one explanation, and in particular, the eradication of parasitic helminths could be at play. Infections with parasites Schistosoma spp. have been found to have a negative correlation with allergic diseases. Schistosomes induce regulatory responses to evade immune detection and ensure their long-term survival. This is achieved via excretory/secretory (E/S) products, consisting of proteins, lipids, metabolites, nucleic acids and extracellular vesicles, representing an untapped therapeutic avenue for the treatment of FA without the unpleasant side-effects and risks associated with live infection. Schistosome-derived immunotherapeutic development is in its infancy and novel discoveries are heavily technology dependent; thus, it is essential to better understand how newly identified molecules interact with host immune systems to ensure safety and successful translation. This review will outline the identified Schistosoma-derived E/S products at all life cycle stages and discuss known mechanisms of action and their ability to suppress FA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine Rogers
- Faculty of MedicineUniversity of QueenslandBrisbaneQLDAustralia
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research InstituteBrisbaneQLDAustralia
| | - Sandip Kamath
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy ResearchMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and MedicineJames Cook UniversityTownsvilleQLDAustralia
| | - Donald McManus
- Faculty of MedicineUniversity of QueenslandBrisbaneQLDAustralia
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research InstituteBrisbaneQLDAustralia
| | - Malcolm Jones
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research InstituteBrisbaneQLDAustralia
- Faculty of Science, School of Veterinary ScienceUniversity of QueenslandGattonQLDAustralia
| | - Catherine Gordon
- Faculty of MedicineUniversity of QueenslandBrisbaneQLDAustralia
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research InstituteBrisbaneQLDAustralia
| | - Severine Navarro
- Faculty of MedicineUniversity of QueenslandBrisbaneQLDAustralia
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research InstituteBrisbaneQLDAustralia
- Centre for Childhood Nutrition Research, Faculty of HealthQueensland University of TechnologyBrisbaneQLDAustralia
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Ledger ML, Poulain M, Deforce K. Paleoparasitological analysis of a 15th-16th c. CE latrine from the merchant quarter of Bruges, Belgium: Evidence for local and exotic parasite infections. Parasitology 2024; 151:1281-1289. [PMID: 39639590 PMCID: PMC11894012 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182024001100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2024] [Revised: 08/19/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 12/07/2024]
Abstract
Paleoparasitological studies have made important contributions to our understanding of the past epidemiology of parasites, infection in past populations and lifestyle in the past. In some cases, these ancient parasites can also provide evidence for long distance travel or migration of people in the past. Three sediment samples from a 15th–16th c. CE latrine from the Spanish nation house in Bruges, Belgium were analysed for preserved helminth eggs using microscopy. Bruges was a major trading centre in medieval Europe, thus it was home to a large merchant population with extensive trading networks. Paleoparasitological analysis revealed a preserved parasite egg from Schistosoma mansoni, which causes intestinal schistosomiasis. Roundworm, whipworm, liver fluke and Taenia tapeworm eggs were also found in the latrine which is consistent with parasites previously found in the local population in the medieval period. These new data provide direct evidence for the movement of S. mansoni outside of its endemic area. Today the vast majority of S. mansoni infections occur in Sub-Saharan Africa, with additional endemic areas in the Arabian peninsula and South America. The introduction of S. mansoni into South America is proposed to have occurred relatively recently in human history, as the result of forced movement of people from Africa to the Americas with the Atlantic slave trade. Thus, this infection may have occurred in a merchant who acquired the parasite during trade voyages to Africa or in an individual living in Africa who migrated to Bruges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa L. Ledger
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- Ancient DNA Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Maxime Poulain
- Department of Archaeology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Koen Deforce
- Department of Archaeology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium
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Mertelsmann AM, Bowers SF, Wright D, Maganga JK, Mazigo HD, Ndhlovu LC, Changalucha JM, Downs JA. Effects of Schistosoma haematobium infection and treatment on the systemic and mucosal immune phenotype, gene expression and microbiome: A systematic review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0012456. [PMID: 39250522 PMCID: PMC11412685 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0012456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 09/19/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Urogenital schistosomiasis caused by Schistosoma haematobium affects approximately 110 million people globally, with the majority of cases in low- and middle-income countries. Schistosome infections have been shown to impact the host immune system, gene expression, and microbiome composition. Studies have demonstrated variations in pathology between schistosome subspecies. In the case of S. haematobium, infection has been associated with HIV acquisition and bladder cancer. However, the underlying pathophysiology has been understudied compared to other schistosome species. This systematic review comprehensively investigates and assimilates the effects of S. haematobium infection on systemic and local host mucosal immunity, cellular gene expression and microbiome. METHODS We conducted a systematic review assessing the reported effects of S. haematobium infections and anthelmintic treatment on the immune system, gene expression and microbiome in humans and animal models. This review followed PRISMA guidelines and was registered prospectively in PROSPERO (CRD42022372607). Randomized clinical trials, cohort, cross-sectional, case-control, experimental ex vivo, and animal studies were included. Two reviewers performed screening independently. RESULTS We screened 3,177 studies and included 94. S. haematobium was reported to lead to: (i) a mixed immune response with a predominant type 2 immune phenotype, increased T and B regulatory cells, and select pro-inflammatory cytokines; (ii) distinct molecular alterations that would compromise epithelial integrity, such as increased metalloproteinase expression, and promote immunological changes and cellular transformation, specifically upregulation of genes p53 and Bcl-2; and (iii) microbiome dysbiosis in the urinary, intestinal, and genital tracts. CONCLUSION S. haematobium induces distinct alterations in the host's immune system, molecular profile, and microbiome. This leads to a diverse range of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory responses and impaired integrity of the local mucosal epithelial barrier, elevating the risks of secondary infections. Further, S. haematobium promotes cellular transformation with oncogenic potential and disrupts the microbiome, further influencing the immune system and genetic makeup. Understanding the pathophysiology of these interactions can improve outcomes for the sequelae of this devastating parasitic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Mertelsmann
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Center for Global Health, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Sheridan F Bowers
- Center for Global Health, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Drew Wright
- Samuel J. Wood Library & C.V. Starr Biomedical Information Center, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Jane K Maganga
- Mwanza Intervention Trials Unit/National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Humphrey D Mazigo
- Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Lishomwa C Ndhlovu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - John M Changalucha
- Mwanza Intervention Trials Unit/National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Jennifer A Downs
- Center for Global Health, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Mwanza Intervention Trials Unit/National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza, Tanzania
- Weill Bugando School of Medicine, Mwanza, Tanzania
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Mulate ST, Nur AM, Tasamma AT, Annose RT, Dawud EM, Ekubazgi KW, Mekonnen HD, Mohammed HY, Hailemeskel MB, Yimer SA. Colonic schistosomiasis mimicking cancer, polyp, and inflammatory bowel disease: Five case reports and review of literature. World J Gastrointest Endosc 2024; 16:472-482. [PMID: 39155995 PMCID: PMC11325876 DOI: 10.4253/wjge.v16.i8.472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 06/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/01/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schistosomiasis, officially named as a neglected tropical disease by The World Health Organization, is a serious parasitic disease caused by trematode flukes of the genus Schistosoma. It is a common infectious disease, endemic in more than 78 countries. The disease can involve various organs and poses far-reaching public health challenges. CASE SUMMARY Here, we present a series of five patients with variable presentations: an asymptomatic patient who was diagnosed with colonic schistosomiasis upon screening colonoscopy; 2 patients with clinical suspicion of colonic cancer; and 2 patients with a clinical diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease. All patients were subsequently confirmed to have colonic schistosomiasis after colonoscopy and histopathologic examination. The clinical manifestations, colonoscopy features and histologic findings of the patients are described. Most of the patients showed significant clinical improvement following administration of oral praziquantel. CONCLUSION Intestinal schistosomiasis can present with features mimicking other gastrointestinal conditions. This disease should be a diagnostic consideration in patients who live in or have traveled to endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebhatleab T Mulate
- Department of Internal Medicine, Addis Ababa University, College of Health Science, Addis Ababa 9086, Ethiopia
| | - Abdulsemed M Nur
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Addis Ababa University, College of Health Science, Addis Ababa 9086, Ethiopia
| | - Abel T Tasamma
- Department of Internal Medicine, Addis Ababa University, College of Health Science, Addis Ababa 9086, Ethiopia
| | - Rodas T Annose
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Addis Ababa University, College of Health Science, Addis Ababa 9086, Ethiopia
| | - Esmael M Dawud
- Department of Internal Medicine, St Paul’s Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa 9086, Ethiopia
| | - Kinfe W Ekubazgi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hawassa University, Hawassa PO Box 05, Ethiopia
| | - Hailemichael D Mekonnen
- Department of Internal Medicine, St Paul’s Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa 1271, Ethiopia
| | - Hidaya Y Mohammed
- Department of Pathology, Addis Ababa University, College of Health Science, Addis Ababa 9086, Ethiopia
| | - Meron B Hailemeskel
- Department of Pathology, St Paul’s Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa 1271, Ethiopia
| | - Shimelis A Yimer
- Department of Pathology, Ethio Tebib General Hospital, Addis Ababa 1111, Ethiopia
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Tambawala ZY, Haneefa H, Ahmed Abdul Hamid B, Iqbal Y. Schistosomiasis presenting as ruptured ectopic pregnancy. BMJ Case Rep 2024; 17:e255481. [PMID: 38960426 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2023-255481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
A woman from sub-Saharan Africa living in the Middle East, presented with acute abdominal pain and COVID-19 infection. She underwent a laparotomy and left salpingectomy for a left tubal ruptured ectopic pregnancy. The histopathology report revealed the presence of tubal schistosomiasis in addition to the ectopic sac. The report emphasises the importance of considering female genital schistosomiasis as a potential cause of ectopic pregnancy and the need for collaboration between obstetricians and infectious disease physicians in the definitive treatment of the disease to reduce reproductive morbidity. This case report highlights the possibility of female genital schistosomiasis as a cause of ectopic pregnancy in women from endemic regions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Haneena Haneefa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dubai Hospital, Dubai, UAE
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Ekloh W, Asafu-Adjaye A, Tawiah-Mensah CNL, Ayivi-Tosuh SM, Quartey NKA, Aiduenu AF, Gayi BK, Koudonu JAM, Basing LA, Yamoah JAA, Dofuor AK, Osei JHN. A comprehensive exploration of schistosomiasis: Global impact, molecular characterization, drug discovery, artificial intelligence and future prospects. Heliyon 2024; 10:e33070. [PMID: 38988508 PMCID: PMC11234110 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e33070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis, one of the neglected tropical diseases which affects both humans and animals, is caused by trematode worms of the genus Schistosoma. The disease is caused by several species of Schistosoma which affect several organs such as urethra, liver, bladder, intestines, skin and bile ducts. The life cycle of the disease involves an intermediate host (snail) and a mammalian host. It affects people who are in close proximity to water bodies where the intermediate host is abundant. Common clinical manifestations of the disease at various stages include fever, chills, headache, cough, dysuria, hyperplasia and hydronephrosis. To date, most of the control strategies are dependent on effective diagnosis, chemotherapy and public health education on the biology of the vectors and parasites. Microscopy (Kato-Katz) is considered the golden standard for the detection of the parasite, while praziquantel is the drug of choice for the mass treatment of the disease since no vaccines have yet been developed. Most of the previous reviews on schistosomiasis have concentrated on epidemiology, life cycle, diagnosis, control and treatment. Thus, a comprehensive review that is in tune with modern developments is needed. Here, we extend this domain to cover historical perspectives, global impact, symptoms and detection, biochemical and molecular characterization, gene therapy, current drugs and vaccine status. We also discuss the prospects of using plants as potential and alternative sources of novel anti-schistosomal agents. Furthermore, we highlight advanced molecular techniques, imaging and artificial intelligence that may be useful in the future detection and treatment of the disease. Overall, the proper detection of schistosomiasis using state-of-the-art tools and techniques, as well as development of vaccines or new anti-schistosomal drugs may aid in the elimination of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Ekloh
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Andy Asafu-Adjaye
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Christopher Nii Laryea Tawiah-Mensah
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | | | - Naa Kwarley-Aba Quartey
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Biosciences, College of Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Albert Fynn Aiduenu
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Blessing Kwabena Gayi
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | | | - Laud Anthony Basing
- Department of Medical Diagnostics, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Jennifer Afua Afrifa Yamoah
- Animal Health Division, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research-Animal Research Institute, Adenta-Frafraha, Accra, Ghana
| | - Aboagye Kwarteng Dofuor
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Environment and Sustainable Development, Somanya, Ghana
| | - Joseph Harold Nyarko Osei
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
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Ja’afaru SC, Uzairu A, Bayil I, Sallau MS, Ndukwe GI, Ibrahim MT, Moin AT, Mollah AKMM, Absar N. Unveiling potent inhibitors for schistosomiasis through ligand-based drug design, molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulations and pharmacokinetics predictions. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0302390. [PMID: 38923997 PMCID: PMC11207139 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0302390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease which imposes a considerable and enduring impact on affected regions, leading to persistent morbidity, hindering child development, diminishing productivity, and imposing economic burdens. Due to the emergence of drug resistance and limited management options, there is need to develop additional effective inhibitors for schistosomiasis. In view of this, quantitative structure-activity relationship studies, molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulations, drug-likeness and pharmacokinetics predictions were applied to 39 Schistosoma mansoni Thioredoxin Glutathione Reductase (SmTGR) inhibitors. The chosen QSAR model demonstrated robust statistical parameters, including an R2 of 0.798, R2adj of 0.767, Q2cv of 0.681, LOF of 0.930, R2test of 0.776, and cR2p of 0.746, confirming its reliability. The most active derivative (compound 40) was identified as a lead candidate for the development of new potential non-covalent inhibitors through ligand-based design. Subsequently, 12 novel compounds (40a-40l) were designed with enhanced anti-schistosomiasis activity and binding affinity. Molecular docking studies revealed strong and stable interactions, including hydrogen bonding, between the designed compounds and the target receptor. Molecular dynamics simulations over 100 nanoseconds and MM-PBSA free binding energy (ΔGbind) calculations validated the stability of the two best-designed molecules. Furthermore, drug-likeness and pharmacokinetics prediction analyses affirmed the potential of these designed compounds, suggesting their promise as innovative agents for the treatment of schistosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saudatu Chinade Ja’afaru
- Department of Chemistry Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, Zaria, Nigeria
- Department of Chemistry, Aliko Dangote University of Science and Technology, Wudil, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Adamu Uzairu
- Department of Chemistry Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Imren Bayil
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | | | | | | | - Abu Tayab Moin
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Chittagong, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | | | - Nurul Absar
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Basic Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Science & Technology Chittagong, Khulshi, Chittagong, Bangladesh
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Hassan HK, Adigun OA, Manirambona E, Olaleke NO, Abioye MS, Lucero-Prisno III DE, Atewologun FA, Okesanya OJ. Mitigating the escalating threat of infectious diseases outbreaks in tropical Africa: a perspective examination of challenges and strategies for future preparedness. BENI-SUEF UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF BASIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES 2024; 13:55. [DOI: 10.1186/s43088-024-00511-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 01/03/2025] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
The escalating threat of infectious disease outbreaks in Africa, particularly emerging and re-emerging diseases, necessitates urgent and comprehensive action. The frequency of these outbreaks demands a robust enhancement of notification and reporting systems to enable swift public health interventions.
Main body of the abstract
Tropical diseases such as malaria, COVID-19, typhoid fever, yellow fever, arboviruses, cholera, rabies, schistosomiasis, tuberculosis, black fungus, meningitis, evolving pathogens, and antimicrobial resistance pose significant health risks globally, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa. The region faces complexities in healthcare, including weak systems, inadequate surveillance, socioeconomic disparities, and other issues. Poor health literacy, traditional practices, and distrust hinder effective disease control and contribute to disease emergence in Sub-Saharan Africa. Continuous research and global collaboration are essential to address these public health concerns, especially given Africa's unique challenges. Disease surveillance emerges as a highly effective strategy, crucial in regions vulnerable to infectious diseases. Establishing and strengthening comprehensive surveillance and reporting systems at individual, regional, national, and international levels is crucial due to the unpredictable nature of borderless outbreaks and their significant impact on morbidity, mortality, and economic stability. National surveillance relies heavily on effective control mechanisms within local community areas, necessitating the active involvement of medical personnel. Successful systems depend on functional countries using collected data for timely warnings and localized interventions. Stakeholders, including governments, health authorities, and international organizations, must collaborate urgently to implement and sustain these vital systems, mitigating the devastating consequences of infectious disease outbreaks. Additionally, a holistic approach is crucial, involving prioritized local production of vaccines, medicines, and diagnostics through initiatives like the African Vaccine Producers Initiative. This approach emphasizes the need for domestic pharmaceutical production, intensified public awareness campaigns, and the training of the next generation of global health leaders, ensuring multidimensional strategies, political and diplomatic skills, and evidence-based assessments.
Conclusion
Collaboration among governments, international organizations, and educational institutions is essential for successful policy advocacy and implementation to strengthen health security and mitigate the continuous rise of infectious diseases on the continent.
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Tallima H, Mahmoud SS. Mechanisms of Arachidonic Acid In Vitro Schistosomicidal Potential. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:23316-23328. [PMID: 38854551 PMCID: PMC11154912 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c09906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Arachidonic acid (ARA) was shown to possess safe and effective schistosomicidal impact on larval and adult Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma hematobium in vitro and in vivo in laboratory rodents and in children residing in low and high endemicity regions. We herein examine mechanisms underlying ARA schistosomicidal potential over two experiments, using in each pool a minimum of 50 adult male, female, or mixed-sex freshly recovered, ex vivo S. mansoni. Worms incubated in fetal calf serum-free medium were exposed to 0 or 10 mM ARA for 1 h at 37 °C and immediately processed for preparation of surface membrane and whole worm body homogenate extracts. Mixed-sex worms were additionally used for evaluating the impact of ARA exposure on the visualization of outer membrane cholesterol, sphingomyelin (SM), and ceramide in immunofluorescence assays. Following assessment of protein content, extracts of intact and ARA-treated worms were examined and compared for SM content, neutral sphingomyelinase activity, reactive oxygen species levels, and caspase 3/7 activity. Arachidonic acid principally led to perturbation of the organization, integrity, and SM content of the outer membrane of male and female worms and additionally impacted female parasites via stimulating neutral sphingomyelinase activity and oxidative stress. Arachidonic powerful action on female worms combined with its previously documented ovocidal activities supports its use as safe and effective therapy against schistosomiasis, provided implementation of the sorely needed and long waited-for chemical synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatem Tallima
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Sciences and Engineering, American University in Cairo, New Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Soheir S. Mahmoud
- Department
of Parasitology, Theodore Bilharz Research
Institute, Warrak El-Hadar, Imbaba,Giza 12411, Egypt
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Ponzo E, Midiri A, Manno A, Pastorello M, Biondo C, Mancuso G. Insights into the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and differential diagnosis of schistosomiasis. Eur J Microbiol Immunol (Bp) 2024; 14:86-96. [PMID: 38498078 PMCID: PMC11097794 DOI: 10.1556/1886.2024.00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease that is prevalent in low- and middle-income countries. There are five human pathogenic species, of which Schistosoma haematobium, Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma japonicum are the most prevalent worldwide and cause the greatest burden of disease in terms of mortality and morbidity. In addition, hybrid schistosomes have been identified through molecular analysis. Human infection occurs when cercariae, the larval form of the parasite, penetrate the skin of people while bathing in contaminated waters such as lakes and rivers. Schistosomiasis can cause both urogenital and intestinal symptoms. Urogenital symptoms include haematuria, bladder fibrosis, kidney damage, and an increased risk of bladder cancer. Intestinal symptoms may include abdominal pain, sometimes accompanied by diarrhoea and blood in the stool. Schistosomiasis affects more than 250 million people and causes approximately 70 million Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs), mainly in Africa, South America, and Asia. To control infection, it is essential to establish sensitive and specific diagnostic tests for epidemiological surveillance and morbidity reduction. This review provides an overview of schistosomiasis, with a focus on available diagnostic tools for Schistosoma spp. Current molecular detection methods and progress in the development of new diagnostics for schistosomiasis infection are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Ponzo
- Department of Human Pathology, Laboratory of Parasitology, University of Messina, 98125Messina, Italy
| | - Angelina Midiri
- Department of Human Pathology, Laboratory of Parasitology, University of Messina, 98125Messina, Italy
| | - Andrea Manno
- Department of Human Pathology, Laboratory of Parasitology, University of Messina, 98125Messina, Italy
| | - Martina Pastorello
- Department of Human Pathology, Laboratory of Parasitology, University of Messina, 98125Messina, Italy
| | - Carmelo Biondo
- Department of Human Pathology, Laboratory of Parasitology, University of Messina, 98125Messina, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Mancuso
- Department of Human Pathology, Laboratory of Parasitology, University of Messina, 98125Messina, Italy
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Aribodor OB, Azugo NO, Jacob EC, Ngenegbo UC, Onwusulu ND, Obika I, Obikwelu EM, Nebe OJ. Assessing urogenital schistosomiasis and female genital schistosomiasis (FGS) among adolescents in Anaocha, Anambra State, Nigeria: implications for ongoing control efforts. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:952. [PMID: 38566137 PMCID: PMC10988871 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-18378-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Urogenital schistosomiasis (UgS) remains a persistent health challenge among adolescents in Anambra State, Nigeria, despite ongoing control efforts. Mass praziquantel treatment programs, initiated in 2013, primarily target primary school-aged children (5-14 years old), leaving adolescents (10-19 years old) enrolled in secondary schools vulnerable to urogenital schistosomiaisis. Additionally, the extent of female genital schistosomiasis (FGS), a neglected gynaecological manifestation of UgS remains unclear. METHODOLOGY To address these gaps, a cross-sectional study was conducted in Anaocha Local Government Area from February to May 2023. Four hundred and seventy consenting adolescents aged 10-19 years were enrolled. Urinalysis including urine filtration was employed to confirm haematuria and detect urogenital schistosomiasis (UGS) among the participants. For females with heavy infections (≥ 50 eggs/10 ml urine), a gynaecologist performed colposcopy examinations, complemented by acetic acid and Lugol's iodine staining to assess for female genital schistosomiasis (FGS) lesions or other related reproductive health conditions. Socio-demographic data, including information on potential risk factors, were systematically collected using the Kobo ToolBox software, following gender-sensitive data collection guidelines. Data were analysed using SPSS version 25, incorporating descriptive statistics, multinomial logistic regression, odds ratios, and significance testing. RESULTS Among the 470 adolescents (52.8% females, 47.2% males) examined, an overall UgS prevalence of 14.5% was observed, with an average of 5.25 eggs per 10 ml of urine. Females had a slightly higher prevalence (16.1%), and 7.5% had heavy infections. Although gender differences in infection rates were not statistically significant, males had slightly higher odds of infection (OR: 1.332; 95% CI: 0.791-2.244; p-value: 0.280). Adolescents aged 10-14 had the highest prevalence, with significantly increased odds of infection (OR: 1.720; 95% CI: 1.012-2.923; p-value: 0.045). Colposcopy examinations of females with heavy infections revealed FGS lesions and co-infections with Trichomonas vaginalis. Haematuria, though prevalent (24.6%), was not the sole indicator, as those without it faced significantly higher odds of infection (OR: 2.924; 95% CI: 1.731-4.941; p-value: 0.000). Dysuria and genital itching/burning sensation were other UgS and FGS associated symptoms. Direct water contact was associated with higher infection odds (OR: 2.601; 95% CI: 1.007-6.716; p-value: 0.048). Various risk factors were associated with UgS. CONCLUSION The study highlights the need for a comprehensive Urogenital Schistosomiasis (UGS) control strategy that includes secondary school adolescents, emphasizes risk factor management, promotes safe water practices, and raises awareness about UGS and Female Genital Schistosomiasis (FGS) among adolescents, thus improving control efforts and mitigating this health challenge in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ogechukwu B Aribodor
- Department of Zoology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria.
- Social Innovation in Health Initiative (SIHI) Hub, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria.
| | - Nwadiuto O Azugo
- Department of Zoology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria
- Social Innovation in Health Initiative (SIHI) Hub, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria
| | - Eunice C Jacob
- Department of Zoology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria
- Social Innovation in Health Initiative (SIHI) Hub, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria
| | - Uche C Ngenegbo
- Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria
| | - Nnaemeka D Onwusulu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria
| | - Ifeanyi Obika
- Department of Zoology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria
| | - Emmanuel M Obikwelu
- Neglected Tropical Diseases Unit, Anambra State Ministry of Health, Awka, Nigeria
| | - Obiageli J Nebe
- Neglected Tropical Diseases Division, Federal Ministry of Health, Abuja, Nigeria
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Nasser Alsharif S, Saleh Alshamrani A, Hadi Asiri D, Yahya Al-Mani S. A Rare Abdominal Pain Associated With Chronic Intestinal Schistosomiasis Diagnosed Endoscopically: A Case Study From Saudi Arabia. Cureus 2024; 16:e58614. [PMID: 38770490 PMCID: PMC11103049 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.58614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic intestinal schistosomiasis (CIS) refers to the long-term effects of infection with Schistosoma parasites in the intestines. This condition typically develops after repeated or prolonged exposure to contaminated freshwater containing Schistosoma eggs. The current study reports a case of an adult male, who complained of abnormal abdominal and anal pain for a month and had a medical history of complex perianal fistulae. The endoscopic investigation revealed different degrees of hyperemia, concentrated in the sigmoid colon and rectum. Lesions were localized in the rectum and sigmoid colon. Yellow granular hyperplasia, whether concentrated or dispersed, single or multiple polyps, along with observations of mucosal congestion, edema, faint vascular striations, erosions, superficial ulcers, and scattered petechial hemorrhages were noted. Also, the segmented areas of the colon had different degrees of inflammation. The microscopic histopathological analysis showed a culprit of surgical scar tissue. The granulomas harbored Schistosome parasites at the submucosal depth. Also, an erosion in the colonic mucosal tissues accompanied by lymphoplasmacytic and micro-abscess infiltrates was seen. A Schistosoma bilharzial ova was observed in the granuloma at the submucosal level. Endoscopic and histopathological investigations are useful tools to differentiate between CIS and Crohn's disease. These tools can distinguish CIS from Crohn's disease. Early detection and treatment are essential to prevent the progression of the disease and minimize long-term complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Nasser Alsharif
- Gastroenterology, Armed Forces Hospital - Southern Region (AFHSR), Khamis Mushait, SAU
| | - Ali Saleh Alshamrani
- Gastroenterology, Armed Forces Hospital - Southern Region (AFHSR), Khamis Mushait, SAU
| | - Dawlah Hadi Asiri
- Internal Medicine, Armed Forces Hospital - Southern Region (AFHSR), Khamis Mushait, SAU
| | - Salihah Yahya Al-Mani
- Internal Medicine, Armed Forces Hospital - Southern Region (AFHSR), Khamis Mushait, SAU
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Ligero-López J, Corbacho-Loarte MD, Antón-Berenguer V, Merino-Fernández FJ, Rubio-Muñoz JM, Valle-Borrego B. A 14-year review (2007-2020) of helminthiasis epidemiology in a hospital in Southern Madrid, Spain. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2024; 43:659-671. [PMID: 38277032 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-024-04746-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Vast majority of helminth diseases remain neglected tropical diseases (NTDs), causing significant morbidity. The widespread and periodic distribution of antiparasitic drugs, remains the cornerstone for controlling these diseases. In Spain, most helminthiasis cases are imported, and suspicion and diagnosis have become increasingly important. Our primary objective is to present the epidemiological landscape of helminthiasis diagnoses within our facility, while also detailing the demographic characteristics of the affected population. METHODS A retrospective study was conducted at the Hospital Universitario Severo Ochoa (HUSO) from January 1, 2007, to December 31, 2020, encompassing all diagnosed cases of helminthiasis during this period. Comprehensive epidemiological, clinical, and microbiological data were gathered for all diagnosed patients. The study population comprised patients receiving treatment at the HUSO, as well as those receiving treatment at the Leganés and Fuenlabrada Primary Care Units. Subsequently, descriptive and comparative statistics were performed, comparing Spanish and foreign patients. RESULTS During this period, a total of 952 patients were diagnosed with some form of helminthiasis. Among them, 495 were Spanish, and 457 were foreign. The total number of helminths identified, including patients with multiple infections, was 1,010. Significant differences were observed between Africans and Americans in terms of age distribution, with a higher prevalence among Africans in the 0-15 age range and among Americans in the 31-60 age range. Variations were noted in the distribution of helminths, with S. stercoralis significantly affecting Americans. For Spanish patients, the presence of Trichuris trichiura and S. stercoralis was significantly associated with eosinophilia, whereas among foreign patients, it was associated with Trichuris trichiura, Ascaris lumbricoides among others. Regarding symptoms, skin manifestations were more frequent among Spanish, while digestive were more common among foreigners. CONCLUSIONS This study offers crucial epidemiological insights into helminth infections observed over time in a Madrid hospital. Although the prevalence of helminth infections has been decreasing, there is still a need for screening and diagnosing foreign patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Ligero-López
- Microbiology and Parasitology Department, Hospital Universitario Severo Ochoa, Madrid, Spain.
- Clinical Microbiology and Parasitology Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario Lozano Blesa, C. de San Juan Bosco, 15, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - María Dolores Corbacho-Loarte
- National Referral Unit for Tropical Disease, Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Ramon y Cajal, IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain
| | - Víctor Antón-Berenguer
- Microbiology and Parasitology Department, Hospital Universitario Severo Ochoa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Jesús Merino-Fernández
- Microbiology and Parasitology Department, Hospital Universitario Severo Ochoa, Madrid, Spain
- Faculty of Medicine, Alfonso X el Sabio University, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Miguel Rubio-Muñoz
- Malaria & Parasitic Emerging Diseases Laboratory, National Microbiology Center, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica En Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Valle-Borrego
- Faculty of Medicine, Alfonso X el Sabio University, Madrid, Spain
- Internal Medicine, Emergency Department, Hospital Universitario Severo Ochoa, Madrid, Spain
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Perera DJ, Koger-Pease C, Paulini K, Daoudi M, Ndao M. Beyond schistosomiasis: unraveling co-infections and altered immunity. Clin Microbiol Rev 2024; 37:e0009823. [PMID: 38319102 PMCID: PMC10938899 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00098-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease caused by the helminth Schistosoma spp. and has the second highest global impact of all parasites. Schistosoma are transmitted through contact with contaminated fresh water predominantly in Africa, Asia, the Middle East, and South America. Due to the widespread prevalence of Schistosoma, co-infection with other infectious agents is common but often poorly described. Herein, we review recent literature describing the impact of Schistosoma co-infection between species and Schistosoma co-infection with blood-borne protozoa, soil-transmitted helminths, various intestinal protozoa, Mycobacterium, Salmonella, various urinary tract infection-causing agents, and viral pathogens. In each case, disease severity and, of particular interest, the immune landscape, are altered as a consequence of co-infection. Understanding the impact of schistosomiasis co-infections will be important when considering treatment strategies and vaccine development moving forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilhan J. Perera
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - Cal Koger-Pease
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - Kayla Paulini
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Mohamed Daoudi
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Momar Ndao
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- National Reference Centre for Parasitology, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
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Ally O, Kanoi BN, Kamath S, Shiluli C, Ndombi EM, Odiere M, Misinzo G, Nyanjom SG, Kumar CK, Ochola L, Lolabattu SR, Gitaka J. Development of a rapid and highly sensitive nucleic acid-based diagnostic test for schistosomes, leveraging on identical multi-repeat sequences. FRONTIERS IN PARASITOLOGY 2024; 3:1361493. [PMID: 39817162 PMCID: PMC11731689 DOI: 10.3389/fpara.2024.1361493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 01/18/2025]
Abstract
Introduction Schistosomiasis (Bilharzia), a neglected tropical disease caused by Schistosoma parasites, afflicts over 240 million people globally, disproportionately impacting Sub-Saharan Africa. Current diagnostic tests, despite their utility, suffer from limitations like low sensitivity. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) remain the most common and sensitive nucleic acid amplification tests. Still, the sensitivity of nucleic acid amplification tests is significantly affected by the copy number of amplification targets, resulting in underestimation of true Schistosoma infections, especially in low transmission settings. Additionally, lengthy qPCR run times pose challenges when dealing with large sample volumes and limited resources. In this study, the identical multi-repeat sequences (IMRS) were used as a novel approach to enhance the sensitivity of nucleic acid-based Bilharzia diagnosis. Methods To identify novel genomic repeat regions, we utilized the IMRS algorithm, with modifications to enable larger target region (100-200bp) identification instead of smaller sequences (18-30bp). These regions enabled customised primer-probe design to suit requirements for qPCR assay. To lower the qPCR amplification times, the assay was conducted using fast cycling condition. Regression analysis, and qPCR data visualization was conducted using Python programming. Results Using Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobium, we found that IMRS-based qPCR, employing genus-specific primers and TaqMan probes, offers exceptional analytical sensitivity, detecting as little as a single genome copy per microliter within 36 minutes. Discussion The lowest concentration of DNA detected using IMRS-based PCR and qPCR represented tenfold improvement over conventional PCR. As part of further development, there is a need to compare IMRS-based qPCR against other qPCR methods for Schistosoma spp. Nonetheless, IMRS-based diagnostics promise a significant advancement in bilharzia diagnosis, particularly in low-transmission settings, potentially facilitating more effective control and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ombeni Ally
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Pan African University Institute for Basic Sciences, Technology and Innovation (PAUSTI), Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Biology, College of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, University of Dodoma, Dodoma, Tanzania
| | - Bernard N. Kanoi
- Center for Research in Infectious Diseases, College of Graduate Studies and Research, Mount Kenya University, Thika, Kenya
| | - Shwetha Kamath
- Division of Research and Development, Jigsaw Bio Solutions Private Limited, Bangalore, India
| | - Clement Shiluli
- Center for Research in Infectious Diseases, College of Graduate Studies and Research, Mount Kenya University, Thika, Kenya
| | - Eric M. Ndombi
- Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Maurice Odiere
- Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Gerald Misinzo
- SACIDS Africa Center of Excellence for Infectious Diseases, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Steven Ger Nyanjom
- Department of Biochemistry, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Chunduri Kiran Kumar
- Department of Computer Science and Applications, KL University, Andhra Pradesh, Guntur, India
| | - Lucy Ochola
- Department of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Institute of Primate Research, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Jesse Gitaka
- Center for Research in Infectious Diseases, College of Graduate Studies and Research, Mount Kenya University, Thika, Kenya
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Sonderup MW, Kamath PS, Awuku YA, Desalegn H, Gogela N, Katsidzira L, Tzeuton C, Bobat B, Kassianides C, Spearman CW. Managing cirrhosis with limited resources: perspectives from sub-Saharan Africa. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2024; 9:170-184. [PMID: 38215781 DOI: 10.1016/s2468-1253(23)00279-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Cirrhosis represents the end stage of chronic liver disease. Sub-Saharan Africa, a resource-constrained region, has a high burden of chronic liver disease, with causes including chronic viral hepatitis, excessive alcohol use, and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), the risk of which is burgeoning. The development of liver cirrhosis predicts for morbidity and mortality, driven by both liver dysfunction and the consequences of portal hypertension. Compensated cirrhosis portends a better prognosis than decompensated cirrhosis, highlighting the need for the early diagnosis of cirrhosis and its causes. With resource challenges, the diagnosis and management of cirrhosis is demanding, but less costly and less invasive interventions with substantial benefits, ranging from simple blood tests to transient elastography, are feasible in such settings. Simple interventions are also available to manage the complex manifestations of decompensation, such as β blockers in variceal bleeding prophylaxis, salt restriction and appropriate diuretic use in ascites, and lactulose and generic rifaximin in hepatic encephalopathy. Ultimately, managing the underlying causative factors of liver disease is key in improving prognosis. Management demands expanded policy interventions to increase screening and treatment for hepatitis B and C and reduce alcohol use and the metabolic factors driving MASLD. Furthermore, the skills needed for more specialised interventions, such as transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt procedures and even liver transplantation, warrant planning, increased capacity, and support for regional centres of excellence. Such centres are already being developed in sub-Saharan Africa, demonstrating what can be achieved with dedicated initiatives and individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark W Sonderup
- Division of Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town and Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | | | - Yaw A Awuku
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
| | - Hailemichael Desalegn
- Department of Internal Medicine, St Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Neliswa Gogela
- Division of Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town and Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Leolin Katsidzira
- Internal Medicine Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Christian Tzeuton
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Douala, University of Douala, Douala, Cameroon
| | - Bilal Bobat
- Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital, University of the Witwatersrand and Wits Donald Gordon Medical Centre, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Chris Kassianides
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - C Wendy Spearman
- Division of Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town and Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
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Tadele T, Astatkie A, Tadesse BT, Makonnen E, Aklillu E, Abay SM. Efficacy and safety of praziquantel treatment against Schistosoma mansoni infection among pre-school age children in southern Ethiopia. Trop Med Health 2023; 51:72. [PMID: 38124206 PMCID: PMC10731898 DOI: 10.1186/s41182-023-00562-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preventive chemotherapy with a single dose of praziquantel given to an all-at-risk population through mass drug administration is the cornerstone intervention to control and eliminate schistosomiasis as a public health problem. This intervention mainly targets school age children, and pre-school age children (pre-SAC) are excluded from receiving preventive chemotherapy, partly due to scarcity of data on praziquantel treatment outcomes. METHODS We conducted active efficacy and safety surveillance of praziquantel treatment among 240 Schistosoma mansoni-infected pre-SAC who received a single dose of praziquantel (40 mg/kg) in southern Ethiopia. The study outcomes were egg reduction rates (ERR) and cure rates (CRs) four weeks after treatment using the Kato-Katz technique and treatment-associated adverse events (AEs) that occurred within 8 days post-treatment. RESULTS The overall ERR was 93.3% (WHO reference threshold ≥ 90%), while the CR was 85.2% (95% CI = 80.0-89.5%). Baseline S. mansoni infection intensity was significantly associated with CRs, 100% among light infected than moderate (83.4%) or heavy (29.4%) infected children. An increase of 100 in baseline S. mansoni egg count per gram of stool resulted in a 26% (95% CI: 17%, 34%) reduction in the odds of cure. The incidence of experiencing at least one type of AE was 23.1% (95% CI: 18.0%, 29.0%). Stomachache, diarrhea, and nausea were the most common AEs. AEs were mild-to-moderate grade and transient. Pre-treatment moderate (ARR = 3.2, 95% CI: 1.69, 6.14) or heavy infection intensity (ARR = 6.5, 95% CI: 3.62, 11.52) was a significant predictor of AEs (p < 0.001). Sex, age, or soil-transmitted helminth coinfections were not significant predictors of CR or AEs. CONCLUSIONS Single-dose praziquantel is tolerable and effective against S. mansoni infection among pre-SAC, and associated AEs are mostly mild-to-moderate and transient. However, the reduced CR in heavily infected and AEs in one-fourth of S. mansoni-infected pre-SAC underscores the need for safety and efficacy monitoring, especially in moderate-to-high infection settings. Integrating pre-SACs in the national deworming programs is recommended to accelerate the elimination of schistosomiasis as a public health problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tafese Tadele
- School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hawassa University, P.O. Box 1560, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - Ayalew Astatkie
- School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hawassa University, P.O. Box 1560, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - Birkneh Tilahun Tadesse
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hawassa University, P.O. Box 1560, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - Eyasu Makonnen
- Center for Innovative Drug Development and Therapeutic Trials for Africa, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 9086, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 9086, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Eleni Aklillu
- Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Solomon Mequanente Abay
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 9086, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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