Role of pregnane X-receptor in regulating bacterial translocation in chronic liver diseases

Table 1 Table enlisting the documented effect of various natural occurring ligands of pregnane X Receptor

No	Natural ligand and source	Effective response after binding of ligands with PXR	Ref.
1	Baicalein from roots of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi	Attenuated colonic inflammation in DSS induced colitis mice model through stimulation of CDX2. ↓TNFα and IL-6 mRNA levels in intestinal mucosa	Dou et al[122] Plos One 2012
2	Forskolin and 1,9 dideoxyforskolin from roots of Coleus forskohlii	↑CYP3A expression in primary hepatocytes through activation of Protein Kinase A signaling pathway	Ding and Staudinger[151] J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2005
3	Z-guggulsterone from Commiphora mukul (Guggul)	↓CYP7A1 gene in HepG2 cells	Owsley and Chiang[152] Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003
4	E-guggulsterone from Commiphora mukul (Guggul)	↑CYP3A11 and CYP3A4 mRNA levels only in cultured hepatocytes from PXR +/+ mice and not in PXR KO mice	Brobst et al[153] J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2004
5	Hyperforin from Hypericum perforatum (St. John’s wort)	↑CYP3A4 induction in hepatocytes. Induction of CYP2C9 gene expression was also reported in humans	Moore et al[154] Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000
6	Colupulone from Humulus lupulus (Hop Extract)	↑CYP3A4, CYP2B6 and MDR1 gene expression in primary human hepatocytes dose dependently	Teotico et al[155] Mol Pharmacol 2008
7	Kava Kava (Piper methysticum)	↑CYP3A4 mRNA expression in primary human hepatocytes extensively	Raucy[156] Drug Metab Dispos 2003
8	Wu Wei Zi [Dibenzocyclooctene lignans: schisandrol B, schisandrin (A and B)]	↑Transcription of CYP3A4, CYP2C9 and MRP2 genes in primary hepatocytes	Mu et al[157] J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2006
9	Ginkgolide A from Gingko Biloba extract	Protection against CCL4 induced acute toxicity model in rats, ↑Iκ-Bα transcription, which in turn inhibited NF-κB	Ye et al[64] Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2016
10	Ginkgolide B from Gingko Biloba extract	↑Nuclear translocation of PXR, and protected HUVEC cells from drug induced apoptosis. Anti-inflammatory role by reducing VCAM-1 and E-selectin induced by TNFα	Zhou et al[158] Acta Pharmacol Sin 2016

↑: Upregulation; ↓: Downregulation; PXR: Pregnane X receptor.