Innate immune targets of hepatitis B virus infection

Table 1 Innate immune cells, molecules and signaling pathways targeted by hepatitis B virus and hepatitis B virus proteins

HBV and HBV proteins	Innate immune cells, molecules and signaling pathways	Ref.
HBs	TLR, ISG, IRF3, IFN-β and NF-κB	[20]
	KCs, LSECs, IFN-γ, ISGs, MAPKs, TLR3	[21]
	JNK/MAPK, κBα	[24,25,87]
	mDCs, pDCs, TLR-9	[42,43]
HBe	Hepatocytes, KCs, PBMCs, and TLR2, ISG, IRF3, IFN-β and NF-κB	[20,22]
	TRAM, Mal, TLR2, and TIR:TIR	[28]
	NF-κB and IFN-β promoter, IFN-γ	[29,62]
	RIPK2	[83]
HBx	TRIF, RIG-I/MDA5, VISA, MAVS, NF-κB	[31-33,82]
	NEMO, TBK1, IKKi, and IRF3	[75]
HBV Pol	RIG-I, DDX3, NEMO-Cdc37/Hsp90β	[35,36,81]
	TBK1/IKKi, STAT1, PP2A, STING	[32,33,36,76,77,80]
HBV	NK, NKG2D, NKG2A, CD16, NKp30, and NKp46	[56,58,59]
	pDC–NK, NKT	[63,72]
	CTHRC1	[84]

HBs: Hepatitis B surface antigen; HBe: Hepatitis B e antigen; HBx: Hepatitis B x protein; HBV Pol: Hepatitis B polymerase; TLRs: Toll-like receptors; ISG: Interferon-stimulated genes; IFN: Interferon; NF-κB: Nuclear factor κB; KCs: Kupffer cells; LSECs: Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells; MAPKs: Mitogen-activated protein kinases; JNK: c-Jun N-terminal kinase; mDCs: Myeloid dendritic cells; pDCs: Plasmacytoid DCs; PBMCs: Periperal blood mononuclear cells; TRAM: TRIF-related adaptor molecule; TIR: Toll/interleukine-1 receptor; RIPK2: Receptor-interacting serine/threonine protein kinase 2; TRIF: TIR domain-containing adapter protein inducing IFN-β; RIG-I: Retinoic acid inducible gene I; IRF: Interferon-regulatory factors; MDA5: Melanoma differentiation associated gene 5; VISA: Virus-induced signaling adapter; MAVS: Mitochondrial antiviral signaling; TBK1: TANK-binding kinase 1; IKKi: KappaB kinase-epsilon; STAT1: Signal transducers and activators of transcription 1; PP2A: Protein phosphatase 2A; STING: Stimulator of IFN genes; NK: Natural killer; NKG2D: NK group 2D; NKG2A: NK group 2A; NKT: NK Tcell; CTHRC1: Collagen triple helix repeat containing 1; HBV: Hepatitis B virus; MAPK: Mitogen-activated protein kinase; NEMO: NF-κB essential modulator.