Is hemodialysis a reason for unresponsiveness to hepatitis B vaccine? Hepatitis B virus and dialysis therapy

Table 1 Interpretation of serologic markers of hepatitis B virus

HBsAg	Total anti HBc	IgM anti HBc	AntiHBs	Interpretation
-	-	-	-	Noninfected
+	-	-	-	Acute infection (early phase)
+	+	+	-	Acute infection
-	+	+	-	Recovering acute infection
-	+	-	+	İmmunized patient, past infection
+	+	-	-	Chronic infection
-	+	-	-	Chronic infection with low level viremia or false positive
-	-	-	+	Immunized

HBsAg: Hepatitis B virus surface antigen; antiHBs: Antibodies to HBsAg.

Table 2 Factors related to unresponsiveness to hepatitis B virus vaccination in the general population and patients with chronic kidney disease

General population	Patients with chronic kidney disease
Obesity	Dialysis
Smoking	Inflammation
	Administration route of vaccine
Diabetes mellitus
	Hyperparathyroidism
Lymphomas
	Co-existing HCV
Newborns and advanced age	Advanced age
Inflammation	Vitamin D deficiency
Celiac disease	Male gender
	Hypoalbuminemia
	Erythropoietin resistance
	IL-18 and IFN-y gene polymorphisms

HCV: Hepatitis C virus; IFN: Interferon; IL-18: Interleukin-18.