Hepatitis B and immunosuppressive therapies for chronic inflammatory diseases: When and how to apply prophylaxis, with a special focus on corticosteroid therapy

Table 1 Studies evaluating the prevalence of hepatitis B virus infection in patients with inflammatory diseases

Ref.	Disease	Country	Publication year	Number patients	HBcAb	HBsAg
Biancone et al[7]	IBD	Italy	2001	494	UC 11.5% CD 11%	UC 0.64% CD 2.1%
Loras et al[9]	IBD	Spain	2009	2056	UC 8% CD 7.1%	UC 0.8% CD 0.6%
Chevaux et al[10]	IBD	France	2010	315	UC 1.6% CD 2.8%	UC 1.59% CD 0.79%
Huang et al[3]	IBD	China	2014	714	UC 41.6% CD 39.8%	UC 5.7% CD 5.3%
Kim et al[11]	IBD	South Korea	2014	513		UC 4.1% CD 3.3%
Zou et al[13]	RA	China	2013	223	11.2%
Watanabe et al[15]	RA	Japan	2014	7650	25.6%	0.7%
Conway et al[12]	RA	Ireland	2014	200	2%	0%
Zheng et al[14]	AS	China	2011	439		25.4%
Cohen et al[16]	Psoriasis	Israel	2010	12502		0.74%

IBD: Inflammatory bowel disease; HBcAb: Hepatitis B core antibody; HBsAg: Hepatitis B surface antigen; RA: Rheumatoid arthritis; AS: Ankylosing spondylitis.

Table 2 Hepatitis B virus reactivations in patients treated with steroids

Ref.	Disease	Study	Patients (n)	HBV status (n)	Pre-emptive therapy	HBV reactivations (n)
Cheng et al[58]	Autoimmune diseases	Case report	2	CHB (1) RS (1)	No	2
Nakanishi et al[57]	Polymyositis	Case report	1	CHB	No	1
Zanati et al[59]	Mixed connective tissue disease	Case report	1	CHB	No	1
Bae et al[60]	Rheumatoid arthritis	Case report	1	CHB	No	1
Li et al[61]	Idiopathic nephrotic syndrome	Prospective	41	CHB (41)	No	21
Yang et al[62]	Connective tissue disease	Retrospective	98	CHB (21) Not applied (77)	No	4
Loras et al[39]	IBD	Retrospective	25	CHB	No	6

Adapted from Xuan et al[63]. CHB: Chronic hepatitis B, inactive carriers included; RS: Resolved infection; HBV: Hepatitis B virus.