Optimal surveillance program for hepatocellular carcinoma - getting ready, but not yet

Table 1 Major cancer genes involved in the pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma

Gene	Type	Pathways
MYC	Oncogene	Proliferation control
EGF	Oncogene	EGFR signaling (mitogenic signaling)
TGFA	Oncogene	EGFR signaling (mitogenic signaling)
APC	Tumor suppressor gene	Wnt-signaling
PTEN	Tumor suppressor gene	PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling
AKT	Oncogene	PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling
HGF	Oncogene	Growth factor
MET	Oncogene	Growth factor receptor
PDGFR	Oncogene	Growth factor receptor
RAS	Oncogene	Ras/MAPK signaling
P53	Tumor suppressor gene	Stress response, cell cycle inhibition
E2F1	Oncogene	Cell cycle
CCND1	Oncogene	Cell cycle
Telomerase	Oncogene	Cell senescence

Modified from Zender et al[10]. EGFR: Epidermal growth factor receptor; MAPK: Mitogen-activated protein kinases; PI3K/AKT/mTOR: Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase-B/mammalian target of rapamycin.